MICHIGAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 
265 
machinery for older methods where the employment of a large number 
of men is in consideration. This growing tendency will result in a 
certain code or unwritten law necessitating the agreement of both em- 
ployer and employee in all significant questions of labor. 
Furthermore, we are producing definite and extensive written laws and 
court decisions. These are expressed in the work of the socialistic 
trend of the laws which the Socialists have been able to procure in Eu- 
rope and this country, and in the various court decisions which have been 
handed down in labor disputes. The sum total of this written and un- 
written law will in all probability be a great force in the solution of 
labor problems of the future. 
Secondly, Cooperation and Profit Sharing — The extent of these is not 
great. The arguments for and against need not be presented here, as 
they are too well known. 
Thirdly, Direct Result of Collective Bargaining — I wish to call atten- 
tion to some things regarding the power and achievements of organ- 
ized labor, directly resulting from collective bargaining. In the 
first case I contend that it is a debatable question as to whether or not 
collective bargaining has brought valuable results. I do not wish to 
minimize the value of labor unions and collective bargaining in the least, 
for it would be unwise for a labor sympathiser to disassociate himself 
from labor unions since they are the only working instrument the labor- 
ers have. But I am not convinced that such associations of workers have 
received valuable results from their activity in collective bargaining. It 
is observed that union laborers, in the main, have better places of work 
and slightly better wages. That cannot be conclusively proven, I think, 
but is generally accepted. That is not sufficient evidence, however, that 
collective bargaining has brought noteworthy results; for in many in- 
dustries labor unions are weak or not organized, yet we have no cases 
of fourteen, sixteen, or eighteen hours of labor as was the case a cen- 
tury and a half or two centuries ago. The very fact that we have highly 
improved conditions in all employments would indicate that we would 
have had some large improvements in all industries had we not had 
collective bargaining; so that it is probably something besides collect- 
ive bargaining which is bringing results to labor. It is admitted that 
the increase of capital has done a great deal in this regard. 
It is not necessary for me before this body to defend the contention 
that the payment for the service of labor will increase as capital in- 
creases, supposing the supply of labor to remain constant. That being 
the case, our emphasis should be laid upon increase of capital, which can 
only come through saying; and this is the crucial point of this paper. 
Labor unions should teach their members to save. And that could well 
be done for a skilfully organized scheme would give the members of the 
wage earning class amusements to take the place of the expensive and 
ruinous saloon ayid affiliated institutions. So that the money spent in 
these departments could be saved with two beneficial results, the in- 
crease of capital, and the decrease of misery. Laborers would then find 
that their efficiency would be greatly increased by decreasing their dissi- 
pation. But as they become savers and capitalists their wages increase, 
not because they are able through collective bargaining to take something 
which some one else has or should have, but are able to take something 
additional because there is a greater demand for labor and because 
