MICHIGAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 
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ment in shallow water occupied by the Scirpus amerioanus association 
either thru the germination of seeds or by the sprouting of twigs carried 
there by wind or water. In other places, development is initiated in 
open water by the lodgment of twigs or branches during storms. 
The willow develops into little bushes, seldom over a foot or two high, 
whether growing in water, in the sand, or in gravel. The stems are 
usually more or less uprooted and pusht towards the land — probably 
the result of ice work during the winter. This association extends 
landwards only where the sand is low and level so that the water table 
is virtually at the surface. Secondary species associating with this 
willow were merely wet sand preferring species, growing there naturally 
and not such as usually characterize this association. Usually there 
was a strip of open sand between the upper limits of this association 
and the fringing dune. Occasionally, on low, wet shores, a succession 
from this association to a Salix-Cornus thicket was indicated. 
In the boggy areas of this region, where this association occurred, 
it occupied the ground just at the water table, altho it may extend down 
into standing water. It was essentially a thicket of low willows, 
mostly Salix longifolia, with which was associated Salta pedicellaris and 
Spiraea salicifolia. Here the association alternates with the Chcim- 
aedaphne association in position just above the Carex ftliformis asso- 
ciation. Between it and the aspens there was usually a very sharp 
tension line which in a few cases was occupied by the Iris association. 
The season of 1911 did not reveal the presence of Ceplialantlius in 
the region. 
The Myrica gale Association. 
This association of low, wet-ground preferring shrubs, characterized 
by Myrica gale , occurs in most of the newly-forming bogs and in places 
along the shore of Douglas Lake. Accompanied by Salix Candida or 
Salix pedicellaris , Myrica gale is one of the first shrubs to appear in 
the development of a cedar bog from a beach pool. The association is 
composed of low bushes but very little if at all higher than the sedges 
which have preceded it. It usually is followed by a stage of higher 
bushes, as Alnus or Pirns and subsequently is replaced by Thuja. The 
stage of higher shrubs is not necessary, however, for in several of the 
new bogs the seedlings of cedar and spruce are present in the Myrica and 
show all evidences of rapid development. 
List of the Species of the Myrica gale Association : 
DOMINANT SPECIES. 
Myrica gale. Salix pedicellaris. 
Salix Candida. 
SECONDARY SPECIES. 
Solidago gramin ifolia. 
Campa nula uliginosa . 
Tha lictrum da sycarp uni. 
Carex lenticularis. 
Galium horeale. 
Polygonum cilinodc. 
Carex spp. 
Hierochloe odorata. 
Panicum sp. 
