70 
FOURTEENTH REPORT. 
SECONDARY SPECIES. 
Pyrus am erica na . * 
Taxes canadensis .* 
Acer spicatu/m* 
Gomes canadensis A 
Maianthemum cana dense.* 
Rebus triflores. 
Impatiens biflora. 
Aspidium spimilosum. 
M it el la nuda. 
Caltha palustris. 
La rix laridna (seedlings). 
Viola blanda. 
Mitchella repens. 
C him a pi vila u/m bell at a . 
Osmunda cinnamomca. 
Ca rex b ystcricina. 
CUntonia borealis. 
A melanch ier canadensis. 
Circaea alpina. 
Ga Hum trifloruni. 
Arisaema triphyllum. 
Geum triflorum. 
Tri l Hum g ra n di fl o i • un i . 
1 Ter is aquilina (not much). 
Epigaea repens. 
Trientalis americana. 
8m i lacina racemose. 
. 1 ra Via n u d i ca uUs. 
Phegopteris dryopteris. 
Habenaria orbiculata. 
The secondary species markt with an asterisk are the most abundant. 
Tli uja occidenta lis. 
Pinas strobus. 
Typha latifolia. 
RELIC SPECIES. 
Pinas resinosa. 
Carex crinita. 
INVADING SPECIES. 
Ts uga ca n a den sis. 
Tilia a m erica na . 
Acer sacclianim. 
Bctula lenta. 
Bet ala lutea. 
Querous rubra. 
(Represented by a few large-sized 
trees) . 
Acer saccharine. 
Fraxinns nigra. 
Pages gran difolia. 
Pines strobus. 
(Represented by some large trees 
but mainly bv seedlings.) 
Aralia racemose. 
The Oak ( Qncrcus) Association. 
The red oak (Querous rubra) is here nearly at its northern limit of 
distribution and scattered trees and a number of seedlings are all there 
is to indicate an oak association such as is abundant farther south of this 
area. The oaks develop in the aspens and appear to represent a stage 
which may be interposed between aspens and pine. The oaks, however, 
are not a necessary step before pine. An occasional large tree of 
Querces rubra in the hardwoods may indicate that the hardwoods can 
succeed oaks in this region, but on account of their isolation and size 
it seems more likely that these trees started with the seedling hard- 
woods and kept pace with them. This does not predicate that an asso- 
ciation has been succeeded. 
