130 
FOURTEENTH REPORT. 
nearer upon the hypothesis of greater extent of land at a time later 
than the Mesozoic. 
As showing the wide distribution and supposed simultaneity of many 
lost land connections, Figure G is copied, with a few omissions, from 
Osborn’s “The Age of Mammals.”* It may be passed over without 
particular discussion as merely serving to express the kind of belief 
which is current in very numerous and verv scattered drowned land 
connections which existed and disappeared together in connection with 
the Glacial Epoch. Probably no two palaeogeographers are agreed as 
to all details, as might be illustrated by maps from Ortmann, Matthew, 
Willis and others but they have enough in common to warrant us in 
basing further study upon their general features. 
And now, in closing the presentation of the evidence both geological 
and biological I combine all that has been offered upon one map, 
Figure 7, to bring forcibly before the eve the fact that we are face to 
face with a world wide problem of a scientific importance which can 
hardly be overestimated. If the elevation of the lands above the sea 
was as wide-spread as is indicated upon this summary map, or even 
anything approaching it, and if the necessary correlations may be made, 
it is difficult to avoid the inference that it in reality covered the whole 
world and that all that is lacking is more information. Now that 
additional information, and it throws light upon the correlation, 
may be considered to be supplied in the existence, around all the conti- 
nents, of the submerged border so often alluded to. For convenience it 
has been omitted from Figure 7 but if we are to admit it in evidence 
on a par with what we have discussed, the continental outlines will prac- 
tically represent it. We shall soon have occasion to recall what the 
leading geological thinkers hold as to the unity of this feature and 
therefore as to its admissibility as evidence in such a connection as the 
present one. 
In turning now, to an analysis of the data presented, the points 
which it is important to carry with us are : land-elevation of world wide 
extent, to the height of a mile or more above the level of the sea, an 
elevation of as yet indeterminate duration, an elevation which disap- 
peared all over the globe at a time corresponding to about the end of 
the Glacial Epoch. 
EPEIROGENIC MOVEMENTS VERSUS EUSTATIC. 
We are dealing with movement. Was it movement of the laud- 
masses, or of the sea, or of both? Prior to the time of Sir Charles 
Lyell it would more likely than not have been set down as fluctuation 
of the level of the sea. Since his time the thing is reversed so that for 
the most part such phenomena have been attributed to vertical move- 
ment of the land. 
In 1868, Shalerf argued that movement of coast lines is not con- 
clusive evidence of similar movement of the 'continental areas. He 
regarded the continents as great folds, not horsts with fractured mar- 
gins, and the marine areas were areas of subsidence while the folds 
always tended to bend upward. Between the sedimented and therefore 
♦Osborn, Henry Fairfield, “The Age of Mammals in Europe, Asia, and North America.” 1910. 
tShaler, N. S., “On the Nature of the Movements Involved in the Changes of Level of Shore Lines.” 
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xii, 1868-1869, pp. 128-136. 
