MICHIGAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 
199 
Margins and Streams, Marsh-land. Wherever similar conditions existed, 
altho miles apart, they were grouped under one head, and, therefore, the 
descriptions must necessarily be composite pictures, so to speak, of all 
places where similar conditions exist. It will be seen at once that these 
habitats may vary widely within themselves, but in each one it is believed 
that the conditions are sufficiently uniform to make the fauna quite homo- 
geneous in each general habitat, and this was borne out by the study of 
the species. 
PINERY OR PINE SLASHING HABITAT. 
(Figs. 1-4.) 
All of the territory grouped under this heading was originally covered 
with a pure stand of pine, most of which was removed about twenty years 
ago or before. Since then it has been burned over repeatedly at intervals 
of several years. At present, trees are very scarce; small oaks, poplars, 
cherries, and an occasional pine are the only representatives. Sumacs, 
brake fern, black-berry bushes which never bear good berries, a few huckle- 
berry bushes, sweet-fern, winter green and june grass make up the greater 
part of the flora. 
Red foxes are quite plentiful in this habitat. Besides this species, 
mole tunnels are quite frequently seen and within the last few years the 
thirteen striped spermophile has made steady progress into this sort of 
habitat, notwithstanding the large numbers of its enemy the red fox. 
Other species that frequent these conditions are the deer, woodchuck and 
white-footed mouse. 
HARDWOOD FOREST HABITAT. 
(Figs. 5-8.) 
Under this habitat has been included all the land which once bore hard- 
wood, excepting that which is now under cultivation. For convenience 
in this study, it was subdivided into virgin hardwood forest and second 
growth or hardwood slashings. 
The hardwood forest of the general region (beech, maple and hemlock 
association) is too well known to need detailed description. Unfortunately 
very little of this primitive forest is left. In the areas studied the mammals 
observed were: fox squirrel, gray squirrel, red squirrel, flying squirrel, 
chipmunk, white-footed mouse, jumping mouse, porcupine, weasel, and 
shrew. 
By far the greater part of the hardwood habitat consists at the present 
time of second growth or recently cut hardwood especially the latter. 
About the first plants to grow after the timber is cut are the red and black 
raspberries, choke-cherries and saplings of the same species as those cut. 
The mammals observed here are: red squirrel, chipmunk, spermophiles, 
woodchuck, flying squirrel, white-footed mouse, cottontail, weasel, shrew, 
mole, skunk, and badger. 
FARM-LAND HABITAT. 
(Figs. 9-10.) 
This habitat includes all land under cultivation. It consists, to the 
greater extent, of land which has been cleared of hardwood, the pine land 
being little utilized at present. There are many stone piles, fence rows 
