200 
FOURTEENTH REPORT. 
and piles of rubbish which make very desirable hiding places for many of 
the smaller mammals, while the grain fields furnish an abundance of food 
for many forms. The following mammals were observed here: spermophile, 
woodchuck, white-footed mouse, meadow mouse or vole, cottontail, 
skunk, badger, shrew, and mole. 
SPHAGNUM BOG HABITAT. 
(Fig. 11). 
By far the larger number of lakes in the region studied are surrounded 
by sphagnum bogs, with their typical bog associations of sphagnum, pitcher 
plant, cranberry, leatherleaf etc., which are so well known thruout the 
state. The bogs are singularly free from all forms of mammalian life, 
except when they are combined with the tamarack and cedar swamp 
habitat, which I have chosen to separate from the more typical bogs altho 
they have many points in common. The star-nosed mole and perhaps 
the lemming vole are about the only mammals which probably inhabit 
such places. 
TAMARACK AND CEDAR SWAMP HABITAT. 
(Figs. 12-13). 
The environic conditions found in this habitat appear next in the natural 
succession of plant associations following the bog. In fact, along the 
margins of some of the lakes one may easily find all transitions between 
the two. The trees are mostly balsam, cedar and tamarack. Many kinds 
of mosses are found besides the sphagnum which is always present in the 
wetter swamps. Liverworts (Marchantia and Conocephalus) are found 
in considerable abundance. The mammals are: red squirrel, chipmunk, 
flying squirrel, white-footed mouse, varying hare, cottontail, wildcat, 
gray fox, mink, weasel, shrew, and starnosed mole. 
MARSH-LAND HABITAT. 
(Fig. 14.) 
During the early spring, the land classified as marsh land is entirely 
covered by water. This dries up to a greater or less extent in summer, 
and tall coarse grass and sedges grow densely and to a very large size. 
Cattails often grow in the wetter portions. 
All of the mammalian forms which are found here must necessarily 
migrate back and forth with the rise and fall of the water. Meadow voles 
and shrews are usually found in such places thruout the summer, and 
muskrats usually occur in great numbers during the wet seasons, unless 
the marsh becomes too dry at one season and at the same time is too far 
away from other water for the muskrats to migrate. 
LAKE MARGIN AND STREAM HABITAT. 
(Figs. 15-16). 
It is evident that this division may contain all of the conditions of the 
other habitats. Its only point of difference from all the others is the 
presence of water; and this alone is responsible for its characteristic fauna. 
The characteristic species are: muskrat, mink, and weasel. 
