1922 ] 
Synopsis of Panurgidce 
167 
Phenologicallv the sexes begin and end as follows: 
Begin 
End 
cT first 
cf 1 $ together 
9 first 
9 last 
d 71 9 together 
cf last 
37.5 
25.0 
37.5 
75.0 
25.0 
The males which are first precede by 6.1 days and the females 
which are last are later by 29.2 days. It is probable that all of 
the species are proterandrous, but the males precede by so few 
days and are so much harder to observe that it is not easy to 
prove the proterandrv. My dates give the earliest ever observed 
and it is probable that, in the year in which the earliest date 
for the female was recorded, the male really preceded. The 
records show 124 flower visits for the females and 92 for the 
males, which indicates how much more likely the flight of the 
female is to be correctly made out. 
Taking the cases in which the males were first and the 
females last as normal examples we have for the average number 
of days: 
d 71 precedes 
9 follows 
d 71 
$ 
Species 
4 normal 
7.2 
27.5 
32.5 
52.7 
59.5 
12 others 
46.0 
66 . 3 
68.6 
Total 
— 
42.6 
62.9 
66.3 
The oligoleges are 85.5 per cent, of the species. They 
average 55.3 days, while the two polvleges average 143.5 days. 
FLOWER VISITS. — In the following lists the pollen 
visits of the female (9 c) are separated from the nectar visits 
( 9 s). The pollen visits do not exclude nectar, visits to the same 
flowers. Visits of the male (cfs) not made by the female also 
are in italics. Visits to Composite? are distributed under An- 
themideae, Asterese, Eupatoriese, and Ilelianthese. 
