MICHIGAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 
91 
old brother in the gymnasium speaks nothing but Lithuanian 
when possible, though bis mother does not know it at all, and bis father 
only slightly. When the older brother came to America lie allied him- 
self with Lithuanians although there are very few of bis class here and 
the Poles would have welcomed him gladly. Although an aristocrat 
in training, be feels closer to the Lithuanian peasant than to Ihe Pole of 
bis own social position with whom be has associated all bis life. We 
see in this case, and that of the other student is similar, that national 
consciousness has broken down class lines exactly as socialism seeks 
to do, but entirely within the nation, and thus raises a barrier to one 
of the purposes of socialism. The wall is raised between people of 
the same class across the borders. An interesting thing about both the 
Lithuanians and Finns is that they are primarily revolting against cul- 
ture authority rather than the political authority of Russia. This is 
because in both cases the nationalizing people feel their individuality 
to be the more swamped by the culture group than by the political 
group. A union between the working classes of Poles and Lithuanians, 
Swedes and Finns must overcome a much greater resistance today than 
would have been necessary ten years ago, although both movements 
represent a similar revolt. In Chicago the nationalists and socialists 
are divided into two nearly equal camps, and practically all Lithuanians 
belong to one or the other. The nationalists resist Americanization. 
Within the Russian border, Swede, Finn, Pole, Lithuanian and Russian 
are farther apart than they ever were before. 
It seems with any particular nation that its peculiar reasons are 
sufficient to account for its development of national feeling, but this 
really is practically a world movement, and whether it develops be- 
cause conditions allow it or simply through imitation I cannot say r 
but it certainly is general in its force though peculiar in its manifes- 
tations. 
Let us consider the Bohemians as a further example, forgetting, how- 
ever, the popular notion of Bohemian which has nothing whatever to 
do with the people of Bohemia. The Bohemians, as the Poles, are mem- 
bers of the great Slavic division of the human race. In 3415 John Hus, 
a Bohemian protestant leader, a century before Luther, was burned 
at the stake. He became the personification of the Bohemian spirit, 
but in 1620 the Thirty Years War began the extermination of protes- 
tantism in Bohemia, and for more than a hundred and fifty years Jews 
were the only exceptions to Catholicism within the boundaries of Austria. 
The language became officially and practically German, and the official 
church lias continued catholic. About fifty years ago several Bohemian 
writers were bold enough to write in the Bohemian language and the 
Bohemian spirit began to grow, and the hostility to German became 
a passion though somewhat different in form from the Polish move- 
ment. The Bohemians present several contrasts to the roles. The rank 
and file of roles are entirely uneducated, while the Bohemians have 
fewer illiterates than the Germans. This is also in part at least a 
manifestation of the same national feeling, for the other Bohemian 
hero beside Hus was the great educator Commenius. A large propor- 
tion of the Bohemians are skilled workmen. They are just the sort of 
people to furnish a large portion of socialists. To be sure there are in 
Bohemia a great many members of the socialist party. They have nine- 
