MICHIGAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 
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constitutes a “park”-like growth with a good grass floor; this “park' 
covers the greater part of the flood plain and at the south end is merged 
into the woods of the low lands on the east side; it consists of Quercus 
macrocarpa and Ulmus Americana; associated with these are Pyrus 
Malus, Primus serotina, Tilia Americana and Juniperus Yirginiana. To 
the north of the “park” is a Crataegus-Yiburnum-Cornus thicket and a 
reed swamp. To the south there is an Elm-Aspen-Crataegus-Carpinus 
thicket. At various places along the western edge of the plain are cold 
springs which keep the ground well saturated and this condition, prob- 
ably, is the reason why there is no shrubby growth in the “park.” 
On the east side of the river, the southern part is nearly taken up by 
a low spur of the range running east and west. This is flat-topped, about 
35 feet above the river, and supports a sparse growth of juniper. To 
the north is a lower spur which is well covered with oaks, maples, beech 
and ironwood, with a dense undergrowth of blackberries, witch-hazel, 
crataegi, etc. Between these is a shallow ravine with a small stream 
partly natural, partly artificial, to carry away the drainage water. This 
narrow ravine is filled up with a dense growth of Impatiens biflora to 
the exclusion almost of everything else; on either side of it is a profuse 
growth of Panicularia nervata. On the hillside on the south was found 
the only ericaceous plant in the valley, the Monotropa uniflora. To 
the north of this is the tamarack swamp now cleared or trees and well 
drained. It stretches clear across the valley from the river to the range, 
a distance of about 1/6 of a mile by half as wide. The northeast 
quarter of the field is crossed by a marl bed which extends some quarter 
of a mile up the valley beyond our limits. The southern half of this 
marl bed is on a gently rising slope, and in general outline very much 
resembles that of a shoe. This part lies over a number of cold springs 
and at one time was so saturated with water from this source that, by 
jumping up and down upon the surface, short but distinct waves could 
be made to appear on the surface. This section, which is about 220 
yards long on its longest axis and half as wide on its widest, is now 
thoroughly tiled and has a hard and dry surface. The northern half 
is much steeper and lies across the nearly vertical base of the range 
which here reaches a height of about 80 feet above the stream; it was 
always dry and is covered by a dense growth of Potentilla frutieosa. 
Since the tiling was put in and the bog has become dry, the Potentilla 
has been spreading and has nearly surrounded the latter part; probably 
some day it will over-run it. 
Between the river and the marl bed, the flood plain is mostly a level 
stretch, but not so wide as on the west side. Not being saturated by 
the overflow from cold springs, it is covered with a dense growth of 
shrubs and small trees, among which the following may be mentioned : 
Corylus Americana, Cornus Amo-mum, Populus tremuloides, Salix lucida. 
Quercus macrocarpa, Fraxinus viridis, F. nigra, Larix Americana, etc. 
The ranges have been, for the most part, cleared of their forest growth 
and are now used as pasturage or have been brought under cultivation. 
Those parts that are used as pasturage show a typical upland flora, 
such as Anemone cylindrica, Arenaria Michauxii, Houston ia longifolia, 
Arabis laevigata, Carex alopecoidea and Solidago nemoralis. 
The invasion of this field by man and animal, i. e., tbe extensive drain- 
ing and pasturing, is producing a change in the character of the flora, 
