SCIENCE. 
215 
they were required to walk a given distance, as on a 
regular march, they would give out. 
The Cumberland Eskimo are known to make better 
and more beautiful clothing than the tribes of North- 
ern Hudson’s Bay and Straits. During the summer, 
and, in fact at all seasons, except when the weather is 
very severe, the outer garment of the men is made 
from the skins of adult — or, more properly speaking, 
yearlings, as they are the best — Pagomys foetidus. In 
very cold weather, they betake themselves to deer-skin 
clothing; but as these clothes are less strong than the 
sealskin, they make the change as soon as the weather 
permits. The women wear the deer-skin clothes much 
later in the season than the men ; their dress is also 
made of the same kind of seal, unless they are fortu- 
nate enough to procure Collocephalus vitulinus, which 
skins are so highly prized that they use them even 
though there is only sufficient for a part of the fronts 
of their jackets. 
Both the men and women wear a garment the ex- 
act duplicate in shape under the outer one ; this gar- 
ment is made either from the young seal in the white 
coat or of reindeer. 
The coat of the men does not open in front, but is 
drawn on over the head like a shirt, and has a hood 
that fits the head snugly, while the woman’s hood is 
large and loose, and the jacket is quite loose-fitting, 
so as to receive the child, which is always carried in 
the hood. The woman’s jacket further differs from 
the men’s in being shorter in front, and ending in a 
rounded point, while behind it reaches quite to the 
ground in the form of a lance-shaped train. This 
appendage is caught up in the same manner as the 
fashionable train of the present day among civilized 
nations, when the condition of the ground is unfavor- 
able for its trailing. After all, is not this fashion bor- 
rowed from the Eskimo ? There is often an approach 
towards this prolongation in the men’s jackets, espe- 
cially when made of deer skin, but never so long as 
on the woman’s. Neither do little girls have a long 
train to the jacket; but as soon as they arrive at the 
age when they are no longer looked upon as children, 
they learn to imitate their mothers. There are never 
any pockets in the jackets of either sex, the hood 
serving for this purpose. 
The pants of the men are made from the same 
material as the coat, with the exception that the young 
seal in the white coat is often used for the outer as 
well as the inner garment. The pants reach only to 
the upper part of the pelvis, and are kept up by means 
of a string around the body. They reach a little be- 
low the knee, where they are met by the boots. When 
made of deer skin, they are usually ornamented by 
fringes of cut skin around the lower edges. 
The women’s pants differ from the men’s in being 
composed of two separate pieces, the lower reaching 
from a little below the knee to the middle of the thigh, 
and are kept in place by a string which runs to the 
upper edge of the other portion. The lower portion 
of these pantaloons is removed while they are at work 
in their igloos, and the bare thigh used, as a board 
would be, to lay the seal skin on while cleaning the 
blubber from it. The women have the habit of thrust- 
ing their hands between the upper and lower panta- 
loons the same as we do in a pocket ; in fact, they use 
this space as a sort of pocket. 
'Little girls wear their breeches like the men till 
they get to be ten or twelve years of age. Very small 
children are dressed in a fawn-skin jacket without at- 
tached hood; but their heads are, nevertheless, well 
bundled up in a double fawn-skin hood that fits the 
scalp closely. This hood is never removed, except 
perchance by accident, till the child outgrows it. The 
lower extremities are usually not clad at all. 
The children are carried on the mother’s back in- 
side her jacket. The cut of the jacket is such that 
the child goes down as far as the mother’s waist, when 
the closeness of the jacket prevents it going any far- 
ther. The hood allows the child freedom for its arms 
and head, but the legs are cramped underneath its 
body, and this is probably one cause of bow-legged- 
ness and possibly the shortness of the lower extremi- 
ties. I have seen the Eskimo mother, with a child 
fast asleep in her hood, building a toopik. This work 
often necessitated her stooping over so much as to 
seemingly endanger the dumping of the infant over 
her head on the ground ; still, it did not seem to in- 
convenience the child in the least as it slept soundly 
through the whole proceeding. 
The kamik , or, as generally pronouncea, humming, 
or boots, are principally made from the skins of adult 
Pagomys feet id us, with the hair off, the soles being 
made from the skin of Phoca barbata. For Winter 
wear a very beautiful and serviceable boot is made 
from the skin of reindeer legs sewed together length- 
wise ; they are used only in dry snow, being quite use- 
less when the snow is wet. Another style of boot is 
to have the leg of netsick skin, but with the hair on. 
These boots reach nearly to the knee, and are kept 
in place by means of a string around the top, and also 
secured by a seal-skin cord passing over the instep 
and around the heel. They are generally sewed with 
sinews from reindeer; but for boots the sinews from 
the dorsal vertebrae of Beluga catodon are preferred 
when they can be procured. 
The stocking worn next to the foot is of heavy rein- 
deer skin, the hair side next the foot; they reach 
above the knee. Over the stocking is worn a sort of 
slipper made from the eider-duck. The bird is skinned 
by making an incision on the back near one wing ; 
through this opening the body is removed. The skin 
is cleaned of the fat by the Eskimo’s teeth, and the 
skin farther prepared by chewing it. The tail-feathers 
are removed, and this end becomes the toe of the 
slipper, the feather side being worn inside. Its upper 
edges are bound with some kind of skin to give it ad- 
ditional strength, and if the entire slipper is covered 
with cloth will last a long time. They are very warm 
and comfortable. Larus glaucus is often used for this 
purpose. For children they use Uria gryl/e and Rissa 
tridactylus skins. Over all this is worn another slip- 
per made from the netsick skin, with the hair on, and 
the hair side worn outward and the hair pointing from 
the toe backwards. This very much facilitates the 
drawing on of the boot. 
For summer wear the young of the netsick in the 
woolly coat is substituted for reindeer for the stock- 
ings. Dog skin is also sometimes used for stockings, 
but not so commonly among the Cumberland Eskimo 
as among those of Hudson’s Straits, who use dog 
skins for pants as well as stockings. 
