Science. 
328 
the brain, after removal from the skull, especially without 
the membrane, if left to itself, very soon loses its shape. 
It is absolutely necessary therefore to examine the brain 
in sitti, and after removal from skull to place it in some 
hardening fluid in which it will float. Even with these 
precautions, through the change of the surroundings, 
shrinkage, etc., the brain is always somewhat altered. 
It happens, however, that I have had lying in alcohol tor 
some years a number of human and monkey brains. 
Among the latter, examples of the genera Cebus, Aides, 
Macacus, Cynocephalus, Cercopithecus, etc., taken out of 
the skull sufficiently carefully, but preserved in the rudest 
manner without any regard to the above precautions. 
Now, while all of these brains have somewhat lost the'r 
natural contour, they are not so changed that in a single 
one, human or monkey, do I find the cerebellum uncov- 
ered by the cerebrum, and in every instance the posterior 
lobes overlap the cerebellum to a greater extent than 1 
find is the case in my Orang. If the cerebrum and cere- 
bellum in the Orang and Chimpanzee invariably bear the 
same proportion to each other as they do in man and the 
monkeys, why should not the brain of an Orang or 
Chimpanzee, afier lying in alcohol for some years, exhibit 
the cerebellum covered by the cerebrum as in them ? 
Why should it be necessary to replace the brain of the 
Chimpanzee or the Orang in ihe skull, to make plaster 
casts, e'c., if there is no difference between their brains 
and those of man and the monkeys, for there is no neces- 
sity of having recourse to such measures to prove that 
the cerebellum is covered in the latter? 
In the account I gave of the female Chimpanzee, 1 2 I 
stated that I found the cerebellum uncovered. I had 
the opportunity a short time since, of verifying that 
statement in the male, noticing in situ that the cerebel- 
lum was uncovered by the posterior lobes. This was 
found to be the case by Mr. Arthur Browne, the Super- 
intendent of the Phila. Zool, Garden, in a third Chim- 
panzee which died there. With all deference to Prof. 
Marshall’s 5 photograph of a plaster cast of the brain of 
a Chimpanzee, and however it may truthfully represent 
the relations of the c^reb-llum in hts specimen, I must 
say that it would be simply monstrous it accepted as an 
illustration of either of mine, and with profound respect 
for Prof. Huxley’s 3 opinion regarding ihe interior of the 
skull being a guide for the determination of the propor- 
tion between posterior lobe and cerebellum, I find it any- 
thing but a safe one as regards the anthropoid apes. For 
the space between posterior lobes of brain and dura 
mater and bone, both posteriorly and laterally, I find 
variable in situ, due to the state of the blood vessels and 
amount of fluid in arachnoid and subarachnoid cavities. 
In speaking of the Gorilla, Prof. Bischoff 4 observes, p. 
100, “ Das es bei ersterem am wenigsten von oben Hin- 
terlappen der grossen Hemisphare bedeckt wird und bei 
der Betrachtung des Schadel gewiss von oben mit seinem 
hinterem Rande sichtbar wird.” And in reference to the 
Chimpanzee, 5 p. 95, “Die HinterhauptsGppen des gros- 
sen Gehirns bei diesem Affen wie bei dem Menschen das 
kleine Gehirn iiberzogen und von oben fast ganz bedeck- 
en.” And Vrolik 6 7 states, p. 7, of the Orang: “ Ce lobe 
posterieur ne se prolonge pas autant que chez l’homme ; 
il ne recourve pas si bien le cervelet du moins il ne cache 
pas completement surtout vers les cotes.” The fact of 
ihe cerebellum being covered by the posterior lobes in 
rr v Orang and that figured by Gratiolet, and but slightly 
uncovered in that of Vrolik’s, is no more strange than 
that Bischoff 1 should find it covered in one Hylobates, and 
Prof. Huxley 8 having stated it to be uncovered in another. 
1 Proceedings of the Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phila., 1879. 
2 Natural History Review, 1861. 
3 Man’s Place in Nature, p. 97. 
4 Das Gehirn des Gorillas, 1877, 
0 Gehirn des Chimpanzee, 1871. 
6 Amsterdam Verslagen, Deel, 13, 1862. 
7 Beitrage zur Hylobates, i860. 
8 Vertebrate Anatomy, p. 411. 
CAUSES WHICH DETERMINE THE PROGRES- 
SIVE MOVEMENT OF STORMS.* 
Prof. Elias Loomis. 
For the purpose of discovering the causes which drter- 
mine the progressive movement of storms, I have made 
an extensive examination of the course and velocity of 
storm centres in tropical regions, and also of abnormal 
paths in the middle latitudes of Europe and America. I 
have examined the courses of all those hurricanes wh ch 
have or ginated near the West India Islands, and also all 
the storm tracks delineated on the maps ot the Monihly 
Weather Review . I have examined the courses of all 
those hurricanes in Southern Asia and its vicinity whose 
paths have been best determined, and also all the 
storm tracks delineated on the maps of the Interna- 
tional Series of Observation. The following summary 
presents some of the results derived from this investiga- 
tion. 
1. The lowest latitude in which a cyclone centre has 
been found near the West India Islands is ten degrees ; 
and the lowest latitude in the neighborhood of Southern 
Asia is six degrees. Violent squalls and fresh gales ol 
wind have, however, been encountered directly under 
the equator. 
2. The ordinary couise of tropical hurricanes is toward 
the west-northwest. In a few cases they seem to have 
advanced toward a point a little south of west, and in a 
few cases their course has been almost exactly toward 
the north. 
3. Tropical hurricanes are invariably accompanied by 
a violent fall of rain. This rain fall is never less than 
five inches in twenty-four hours for a portion of the track, 
and frequently it exceeds ten inches in twenty-four 
hours. 
4. Tropical storms are generally preceded by a north- 
erly wind, and after the passage of the low centre, the 
wind generally veers to the southeast at stations near 
the centre, and the southerly wind which follows the low 
centre is generally stronger than the northerly wind which 
preceded it. This tact appears to suggest the explana- 
tion of the origin of the cyclone, and the direction of its 
progressive movement. The prevalent direction of the 
wind in the neighborhood of the West India Islands is 
from the northeast Occasionally a strong wind sets in 
from a southerly quarter. The interference of these winds 
gives rise to a gyra'ion, aud a fall of rain sometimes re- 
sults. When rain begins the latent heat which is liber- 
ated causes an inflow of wind from all quarters, by which 
ihe rainfall is increased; and since the winds are de- 
flected by the rotation of the earth, an area of low pres- 
sure is produced, and the force of the winds will be main- 
tained as long as the rainfall continues. The effect of this 
strong wind from the south is to transport the low centre 
in a northerly direction ; and by the combined action of 
this south wind and the normal wind from the northeast 
the centre of low pressure is usually carried in a direction 
between the north and west. 
The electrical blowpipe of M. Jamin consists of a 
pair of carbon pencils— an electric candle, in fact — sur- 
rounded by a coil of insulated copper wire wound a 
few inches dis ant from the pencils in the plane of their 
axes. The current is so led that, in circulating round the 
coil, it will attract the electric arc formed at the lower end 
of the carbon pencils, and cause it to flash out almost in 
the form of a fish-tail gas flame. This spreading out of 
the arc is the special feature of the action of the ap- 
paratus. It facilities the application of the heat of the 
electric arc to the fusion of refractory substances, and 
enables us betler to take advantage of this little-used 
means of producing a very high temperature. 
* Read before the A. A. A. S., Boston, 1880. 
