132 
REVIEWS. 
the reign of the Emperor Leo, of Constantinople, (perhaps 
Leo VI, who died a.d. 91 L) described in the ‘Tactica 5 as 
inventors of horse furniture of this potentate, as stated by 
Buckman. The words are : 
f That is, 6 capistra, ferra lunatica cum clavis eorum ; 5 halters 
for fastening horses, with crescent-figured irons and their 
nails. With William the Conqueror the art of shoeing 
appears to have come into England ; he gave to Simon St. 
Liz, a Norman, the town of Northampton and the hundred 
of Fulkley, then valued at £40 per annum, to provide shoes 
for his horses; and Henry de Ferrers, who came over after 
him, he appointed superintendent of the shoers, whose 
descendants, the Earls of Ferrers, had six horseshoes in the 
quartering of their arms. 5 — ( Loc . cit.) 
“ From very old days horseshoes have been nailed upon 
portals or gates, stable-doors, and churches, with the imagined 
object of keeping out sorcerers or witches, &c. who amuse 
themselves. 55 
Coming to Rey 5 s “ third epoch 55 of this obscure and 
curious history, we pounce at once upon modern usages in 
this art ; and here we find the greatest differences still pre- 
vailing among different countries, and even in different parts 
of the same country. “ Rey asks if there are not still, in this 
country and France, parts where farmers refuse to have 
their horses shod?” To this, for our own part, we should 
answer, No — though there may be in France. At Vienna and 
Berlin, and other principal towns of Germany, veterinary 
schools have greatly improved the shoeing, though in the 
environs of such places the art still remains in a barbarous 
condition. In France, every shoeing-smith makes his tour 
of the country, and, if he possibly can, visits Paris, -where he 
picks up some scientific principles, on account of -which he 
becomes afterwards valued in his sphere of employment. 
Shoeing is now regarded not as a mere mechanical art, but is 
studied and made perfect in regard to its operations on the 
aplomb , as well as on the malformations and diseases of the foot. 
We shall pass over the chapter on the anatomical study of 
the Foot, which presents nothing beyond ordinary detail, to 
look into the one that follows it, treating of the Elasticity of 
