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the chest (pleura), with that covering the heart and lungs, are involved in dis- 
ease, or its consequences. The animal never lies down willingly, but stands 
almost without moving, stupid, and dejected. The ears, legs, and surface of the 
body generally, are cold ; all external is dull and gloomy, as well as cold, because 
internal disturbance, in destroying the balance between circulation and respira- 
tion, is arresting the production and equable diffusion of animal heat. We have 
symptoms of pleurisy and pneumonia ; but, our patient suffers from something 
more, and we have something more to treat. That something is the attendant 
typhoid fever. The type of inflammation itself is altered, — may I not say more 
vitiated, by this. Exudations into the lungs, and into the chest taking place 
here, are different from those occurring in ordinary or non-epizootic pneumonia 
and pleurisy, inasmuch as they are not only the abortive products of a typhoid 
inflammation, but are formed rapidly and directly from deteriorated blood, in 
consequence of that fluid flowing tardily in vessels with walls, now too weak to 
retain their natural contents. It was once thought that inflammations were 
always alike, and exudations always the same ; we know differently now, and we 
treat them differently, too. The prominent or outward signs indicating fluid in 
the chest (so far, at least, as I can detail them here,) are these : expanded flap- 
ping or working with the nostrils to get hold, as it were, of as much air as pos- 
sible ; lifting of the loins, in consequence of the abdominal muscles being called 
in to aid respiration ; turning out of the elbows to widen the chest and to facili- 
tate expansion of the ribs ; a smoother appearance of the coat in consequence, 
perhaps, of the skin acting to compensate, in some degree, for want of action in 
the lungs ; swelling of the legs, brisket, and lower parts of the trunk, from fluid 
being effused through the walls of veins to relieve the obstruction they cannot 
overcome. The small quick pulse becomes quicker, reaching 80 or even 90 beats 
in a minute, and, when water is present in the heart-bag (pericardium), the pulse 
is intermittent. There are other valuable signs of water in the chest, which the 
veterinary surgeon learns by applying the ear outwardly over the seat of disease ; 
an explanation of these would require more time than we can now spare for their 
consideration. As a general rule, when the pulse becomes small and exceeds 80 
beats a minute, and respiration reaches 25 or so, the case is to be viewed with 
apprehension. A pulse of 90, and respiration increased in proportion, turns pro- 
babilities of recovery against the patient; and there are very few recoveries, 
indeed, after a pulse has remained for twenty-four or thirty-six hours from 95 to 
100 beats a minute. Death occurs, in consequence of the depressing influence of 
existing fever, with circulation and respiration impeded by collection of fluid 
within the chest. The animal, in fact, is prostrated by the typhoid fever and 
attendant inflammation, as well as drowned from within by the products which 
these conditions induce. The fatality of influenza in certain localities is not 
great. Mr. Lawson, of Manchester, treated some three hundred cases in 1840, 
and had three deaths. Mr. Taylor, of Nottingham, and Mr. Graham, of Bir- 
mingham, report fatality much in the same proportion. In farm steadings, or 
other situations exposed to prevailing cold winter and spring winds, especially 
such as come from the sea, the mortality is much higher, and has reached 25, or, 
in aggravated cases even 40 per cent. The period of death is far from uniform, 
yet we often notice, that it occurs about the time that convalescence is established 
in the majority of cases ending favorably, viz., from the seventh to the tenth 
day of illness. A case showing no amendment by the tenth or eleventh day, is 
almost always hopeless. On dissecting the body after death, we find a peculiar 
softened state of the muscles ; they also look dirty, and yellow in colour. The 
blood contained in large vessels, is dark in hue, and deficient in coagulating 
power. The mucous membrane of the larynx, pharynx, and windpipe, bronchial 
tubes and lungs, is of a dark purple tiut, and covered with frothy mucus, deeply 
tinged with blood. The lungs are dark coloured, far heavier than natural, and 
contain much dark blood, as well as a dusky yellow fluid of offensive smell (soft- 
ened fibrin), which seems to have destroyed their consistency. The pleural cavity 
(chest) contains fluid to the extent sometimes of twelve gallons, and even up- 
wards. Covering the lungs outwardly, occupying the floor of the chest, and 
lining the ribs, is a yellow jelly-like substance (fibrin). It has not, however, the 
