254 
REVIEW. 
“ The shoe presents several parts to which we give the 
name of regions : these are, 1, (la pince) the toe; 2, (les 
mamelles ) the prominences; 5, (les quar tiers) the quar- 
ters; 4, (les eponges ) the heels; 5, (les faces ) the 
surfaces, two in number, superior and inferior — the former 
applied to the inferior border of the wall, whose contour 
it follows ; the latter being the part opposed to the ground ; 
f ), the branches, or sides, distinguished into external and 
internal; 7, the borders or margins — the curve of the 
shoe, inside, opposed to the toe, taking the name of (route) 
arch; 8, the extremities are — one anterior , comprehending 
the toe, and one posterior, divided into two parts, forming the 
heels. By the thickness we mean the distance between the 
superior and inferior surfaces. The largeness of a shoe from 
one border to another constitutes its (couverUire) cover. 
We call the cavities for receiving the heads of the nails (les 
etampures ) the stamps ; and the holes, into which they lead 
for the neck of the nail (les contre percures) the counter- 
holes. Appendices of shoes constitute turnings-up, cal- 
kins, &c” 
The above forms a descriptive picture of a horse-shoe such 
as we are not in this country given to study with that 
minuteness of detail, in all its parts, in which our French 
author has represented it. Nevertheless, on particular oc- 
casions and cases such minutiae w ill be found to have their 
utility, and for strict correctness certainly surpasses the 
comparatively superficial descriptions we are too apt to be 
content with ourselves. 
The French Horse-shoe is quite a plain one. In the 
fabrication of their shoes, unlike ourselves, they appear to 
have few r or no fancies or vagaries. It is of the ordinary ovoid 
shape, of the same thickness in every part except at the heels, 
which are diminished to one half the substance ; with the 
nails, four on each side, placed at equal distances from one 
another, w ithout much regard to their proximity to the heels. 
In the hind shoe the two toe-nails are farther apart, and its 
substance, w hich is greatest at the toe, gradually diminishes 
towards the heels. It commonly has a clip at the toe, a 
calkin at the outside heel, and a thickening (mouche) at the 
inside, which is the narrower one. 
Bourgelat, and after him Lafosse and Gohier, introduced 
