628 EPIDEMICS AND EPIZOOTICS ENGENDERED IN 
termittent fever and aqueous cachectic ; with the concurrence 
of a burning summer, the danger becomes augmented, and 
we see generated a series of pernicious fevers, both typhoid 
and charbonneuse. Such phenomena are not confined to the 
province of Dieuze ; they break forth at every point of the 
globe under the pressure of parallel conditions. 
The fever of man and the charbon of animals are alike of 
ancient date. Their historical era opens with the plagues of 
the Egyptians, and up to our own age do they continue to 
exist. Their ravages extend from the polar circle even to 
the tropics, without sparing the middle latitudes. Alpine 
pasturages are no more exempt than the maritime ones. And 
malaria , if not the unique, is at least the principal cause of 
these grave affections. According to the degree of harmful 
power the sun has upon the miasm, animals contract either 
charbon or the aqueous cachectic ; the concomitant diseases 
of man being intermittent fever, fatal typhoid, yellow fever, 
dysentery, scurvy, and paludian cachexia. 
In Siberia, where the winters are long and severe, with 
short and searching summers, and where exist innumerable 
lakes and marshes, some of which measure some thousands 
of square werstes , every year, about the end of June, the 
Jaswa or charbonneuse fever begins to rage, preferring for its 
spread localities consisting of one vast plain of marsh. If, 
at the time of the hot weather, animals are drawn off these 
dangerous pastures and conducted upon the heights of 
Altai, they become exempt from this terrible pest, which in 
1784 destroyed 100,000 horses. 
France, as well as other countries, has suffered from these 
plagues. Indeed, almost all the principal epizootics of this 
( charbonneuse ) character which have spread over Europe, have 
derived their origin from the South of France. 
We must not pass over unnoticed the province of Liege, 
with its accessory causes, from the periodical overflowing of 
the Meuse, the Yisdne, and their tributary streams, and as a 
principal cause their mode of watering their beasts. Their 
watering places consist of ponds made by the rains, which 
in summer go in part dry, where the cattle then find no 
water save what is muddy and saturated with paludian 
elements. And these ponds make so many small swamps 
spread over the surface of the country. 
Marsh water is as noxious as the paludian miasm itself, 
a fact the ancients were not ignorant of. To men making 
use of such water, it was that Hippocrates applied : splenes 
semper esse largos , plenos et compressos, Vitruvius had observed 
the same thing on the sheep of the Island of Crete. Expe- 
