674 ESSAY ON THE DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMY OF THE 
horse as one to thirteen, while in other two cases it was as one 
to ten. He takes the latter as the standard relative capacity 
between the two. 
The stomach is situated transversely to the long axis of the 
body, in the left hypochondrium, extending into the epigastrium 
and during repletion into the right hypochondriac region. How- 
ever, its size and situation vary under different circumstances, 
as to whether it be full or empty, adapting itself generally to its 
contents. 
The stomach is fixed on its left side to the diaphgram by the 
oesophagus, having the spleen attached to it as well. The 
duodenum then, by means of the lesser or gastro-hepatic omen- 
tum, suspends the pyloric end by getting attached to the con- 
cave surface of the liver. 
The shape of the stomach might be expressed as being that 
of a tube bent on itself, and dilated along its convex border, 
so as to form two cul-de-sacs ; i. e., a right and a left one, whilst 
it has two borders or curvatures, distinguished as a lesser con- 
cave and a greater convex one. The stomach has two smooth 
surfaces, the anterior one being in contact with the liver and 
diaphragm, whilst the posterior one corresponds to the convolu- 
tions of the small intestines and gastric flexure of the colon. 
It has two orifices, i. e., a left oesophageal, or commonly called 
cardiac, and a right intestinal or pyloric one ; the latter taking 
its name from the valve by which it is guarded. 
A circular depression round the stomach, midway between 
the cardiac and pyloric orifices, most visible when the organ is 
replete, marks the external division of the stomach into a cardiac 
and pyloric portion, corresponding with the point where the 
mucous membrane varies in character internally. The sac- 
cular projection at the cardiac portion takes the name of fundus, 
owing to its greater magnitude as compared with a smaller cul- 
de-sac at the pyloric end, the analogue of which in human 
anatomy is characterised by the appellation of antrum pylori. 
Having thus briefly described the striking peculiarities of 
the stomach, I proceed with more detail to the consideration of 
its constituent parts, such as its coats, nerves, and vessels. 
The coats of the horse’s stomach having been generally 
described as four, it appears needless to alter their nomenclature, 
although the one which I shall allude to as third might quite as 
justly be described as second, or merely spoken of as connecting 
cellular tissue, without regarding it as a separate coat. 
The external peritoneal tunic is found proceeding from the 
diaphragm on to the cardiac portion of the stomach, surround- 
ing the oesophageal opening, where it is tough, and forms the 
gastro phrenic ligament. Thus we follow it on to the corre- 
