ABDOMINAL VISCERA OF THE HORSE. 683 
on the free surface of the membrane ; and Dr. Todd states that 
Brunner’s glands, or, as he calls them, the duodenal, are more 
developed in the horse than in any other animal he has hitherto 
examined them in. 
We have next to treat of the solitary glands — glandulse 
solitarise — peculiar and rather scanty bodies, visible at various 
parts of the small intestine. These are vesicular, and without 
any opening when in the perfect state, surrounded by villous 
processes and Lieberkuehnian follicles. Some of the villi also 
project from the surface of the so-called glands, which are most 
apparent when distended with secretion. 
About the second half of the jejunum, and along the whole 
of the ileum, we see longitudinal patches, varying from half an 
inch to even three inches in length, scattered all over, but more 
especially situated near the superior or attached border of the 
small intestine, which is contrary to the faulty description of 
some recent authors. These patches, distinguished as Peyer’s 
glands or patches, also as Agminated glands — Glandulse agmi- 
natse seu aggregatse — consist of an accumulation of small bodies, 
each resembling a glandula solitaria in miniature, being also 
destitute of a natural aperture. Colin (loc. cit.) states that 
they are first seen at a distance of about six feet and a half 
from the pylorus, and the least number of them he has ever 
counted has been 102, whilst the utmost has been 158. 
The mucous membrane of the small intestine is thrown into 
folds at different parts, which are transverse, and scalloped 
near the pylorus, whilst in other parts they are mostly longi- 
tudinal ; these are all temporary folds. There is no such 
arrangement as the valvulae conniventes in the small intestines 
of the horse, though recent writers of great eminence have 
described them. About five inches from the pylorus, at the 
superior border of the duodenum, is a semicircular fold, which, 
if elevated, admits of the finger being thrust behind it into the 
wide biliary duct. The opening of the pancreatic duct is also 
visible beneath this fold, but it is not so capacious as the one 
last mentioned. 
[To he continued.] 
