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SPAYING OR CASTRATION OF COWS. 
were castrated it would not be so, since that would destroy 
the more powerful influence against their fattening. By 
such a practice there would be no need of working young 
oxen up to the moment of their being put up to fatten. By 
aid of castration the cow as well would come in, and yield 
both milk and fat. Thus would the price of meat become 
lowered in the market. Contradicting the common assertion 
that castration is not favourable to fattening, and that it is 
physiologically impossible to obtain, at the same time, milk 
and meat from a cow who has undergone such an operation. 
Observation daily shows the contrary of this. 
In regard to the observation that castration detracts from 
consumption, by lessening the number of calves ; and that it 
detracts also from the reproduction of the species. If 
calves produced by persons who keep cows for milking 
purposes were made fat before they were sold to the butcher, 
I could not deny that this was true ; but when one comes to 
know the fact that, in general these productions are disposed 
of d, vil jorix , in despite of the law, almost immediately after 
they are dropped, to the country butchers or others, to be 
food for classes not so well off, we are led to think otherwise. 
So that, in point of fact, castration does not so much harm 
to the propagation of the species, but rather contributes, in 
stopping bad cows from breeding, to our advantage. Nor 
can I comprehend how such an objection can be raised, 
when every day we behold, at the butchery, an immense 
number of cows in calf. 
[To be continued .) 
ON THE TYPHOID DISEASES WHICH ATTACK ESPECIALLY 
THE HORSES OE THE ARMY. 
By M. Liautard, V.S., at Bruisne. 
According to M. Liautard, typhoid fever is a frequent 
disease among domestic animals. “We observe it,” says 
this author, “ under the same conditions as we do the typhoid 
fever so prevalent in men.” Thus, in 1846, he saw this 
disease raging, at the same time, among the men and 
animals inhabiting the garrisons of Mustapha and Hupein, 
in Africa. 
Typhoid affections in animals may present diffei’ences in 
their mode of exterior manifestations; but, in the opinion 
of Liautard, they constitute, in reality, but one and the 
