TYPHOID DISEASES IN HORSES OF THE ARMY. 
285 
same disease, ever identical in form — “ primitive alteration 
in the blood,** and in essential anatomical lesions ; modifi- 
cation, more or less intense, but constant, in the mucous 
follicles of the intestines. 
In order to facilitate the study of these diseases, M. 
Liautard follows the example of human pathology in ar- 
ranging typhoid fever in three forms: 1. The Pectoral 
Form; 2. The Cerebral Form; 3. The Abdominal Form. 
“The Pectoral Form confounded,’* says M. Liautard, 
“ with gastro-pneumonia, entero-pneumonia, pneumonia, 
typhoid-pleuro-pneumonia, prevails most commonly among 
troop horses. The period of its setting in is denoted by 
general prostration, by embarrassment in progression, and 
by great sensibility over the dorso-lumbar region.** 
At the commencement — “the countenance is anxious, the 
eyes tearful ; spasms agitate the lips and nostrils ; the 
flanks draw themselves up and are quick in their motions; 
obstinate constipation ; painful urination ; conjunctive in- 
jected ; mouth hot and dry ; pulse full, strong, and vibrating; 
cough soft, deep, and painful ; auscultation bronchial, 
strongly augmented ; the blood is brownish, and appears 
syrupy, readily coagulating ; two parts of the clot separated 
by a diffuse line of demarcation ; the fibrine being remarkable 
for its brownish cast. 
At the period these symptoms are at their height, tlie 
dorso-lumbar region becomes insensible, and this sudden 
transition from great sensibility to complete insensibility, 
denotes an alarming stupor. The urine becomes sanguino- 
lent, the skin hot, the eyes startling, the conjunctive covered 
with petechiae. In auscultation a rale is heard. The blood 
coagulates more slowly ; the buffy coat is less abundant ; the 
serum has the aspect of a limpid syrup. 
At the period of decline, the prostration of strength is 
extreme ; the pulse becoming imperceptible. The animal ap- 
pears sinking; the conjunctivse turn a yellowish red ; petechiae, 
when present, grow deeper ; the flanks grow quieter in 
their beatings ; the patient is continually camping himself 
(trying to stale), making each time, but with difficulty, a 
small quantity of bloody urine ; the mouth is dry; the tongue 
red along its borders ; heat leaves his extremities ; the faecal 
matters issue a repulsive odour ; each respiration is marked 
by an anxious sigh ; the patient lies down, rises precipitately, 
and knocks his head against the manger, at last falls and 
dies. 
Should the typhoid disease have a happy termination, 
diarrhoea declares itself ; the adynamic condition disappears ; 
xxvii. S8 
