REVIEWS. 
565 
becomes eventually heavy, thick, 
and painful, and occasionally some 
mucus with bloody striae is thrown 
up in coughing, particularly when 
the branchiae participate in the 
affection. The respiration becomes 
disturbed as soon as the disease is 
formed ; the first febrile attack will 
hurry it, but, the exacerbation of that 
over, it returns to its natural state. 
The local inflammation having per- 
vaded the parenchymatous substance 
and lessened the calibre of the air- 
cells, respiration now becomes per- 
manently quickened, the flanks are 
found to heave, and the breathing 
is carried on with labour and 
irregularity ; the inspirations being 
delayed to retard the pain produced 
by the distension of the chest, while 
the expirations are more hurried to 
relieve the thorax from the distress. 
The cavity is, however, no sooner 
emptied, than a new source of dis- 
tress in the congested state of the 
heart forces the horse to renew the 
effort. The state of the pulse is 
variable in this disease, according as 
the parenchyma or the reflected 
membranes bear the greatest share 
in the complaint, or as the thoracic 
cavities are unequally inflamed. It 
is, however, almost always quickened, 
sometimes to 100 even, from the 
irritative state of the aortic system ; 
it is also in most well-marked cases 
small and oppressed, the pulmonary 
congestion preventing the free pas- 
sage of blood through the right side 
of the heart. I have, however, 
occasionally found it moderately full 
and bounding, dependent probably 
on the membranous attack being 
greater than the parenchymatous. 
The horse is now seen to look more 
anxiously round to his sides, the 
whole body also seems stiff and sore : 
particularly elevating the head occa- 
sions great pain, and he is alto- 
gether disinclined to move ; on the 
contrary, he stands fixed with his 
head extended forwards, his nostrils 
outstretched, his fore legs somewhat 
apart and forward, and he seldom if 
ever lies down, or if he does, he rises 
again quickly. The chest, if tapped 
with the hand, emits a dead sound, 
and painful; occasionally some 
mucus with bloody striae is thrown 
up in coughing, particularly when 
the bronchii participate in the affec- 
tion. Tiie respiration becomes dis- 
turbed as soon as the disease is 
formed ; the first febrile attack will 
hurry it, but the exacerbation of that 
over, it becomes simply laboured. 
The local inflammation having per- 
vaded the substance of the lungs, 
thickened the lining membrane of 
the tubes, and lessened the calibre 
of the air cells, respiration now 
becomes permanently quickened ; the 
flanks are found to heave, and the 
breathing is carried on with labour 
and irregularly ; the inspirations 
being delayed to retard the pain pro- 
duced by the distension of the chest, 
while the expirations are more hur- 
ried to relieve it from distress. The 
cavity is, however, no sooner emptied, 
than a new source of distress, in the 
stagnant condition of the heart, forces 
the horse to renew the breathing. 
The state of the pulse is variable in 
this disease, according as the lungs 
or the pleura bear the greatest share 
in the complaint. It is, however, 
almost always quickened, sometimes 
to 100 even, from the irritative 
state of the aortic system ; it is also 
in most well-marked cases small and 
oppressed, the pulmonary congestion 
preventing the free passage of blood 
through the lungs. We have, how- 
ever, occasionally found it moderately 
full and bounding, dependent pro- 
bably on the membrane being more 
diseased than the substance of the 
lungs. The horse is now seen to 
look more anxiously round to his 
trunk ; the whole body also seems 
stiff and sore : partially elevating the 
head occasions great pain, and he is 
altogether disinclined to move ; on 
the contrary, he stands fixed with 
his head extended forwards ; his nos- 
trils outstretched ; his fore legs 
somewhat apart but forward ; and he 
seldom if ever lies down, or if he 
does, he rises again quickly. The 
chest, if tapped with the hand, emits 
a dead sound ; while the ear applied 
to the side of the chest will detect a 
dull but more urgent murmuring. 
