IN HERBIVOROUS ANIMALS. 
227 
the greatest value in the diagnostic. Such is that peculiar aspect 
of the salient border of the wing with a vivid red tint — such are 
those little superficial erosions of the lining membrane, entirely 
hidden under the fold of the cartilage, and such again are those 
small granular projections called tubercles. Now, in the jetage 
determined by caries nothing at all of this kind is apparent. 
And, finally, let us add, that the odour so specially foetid of this 
discharge establishes between it and that induced by glanders , in 
almost the totality of cases, a very marked difference. In fact, in 
the grand majority of cases of glanders the odour of glandered 
matter is almost null. 
If, after this attentive examination, a doubt is still conceived 
as to the specific nature of the nasal secretion, it will soon dis- 
appear, and give place to a true diagnosis, when, on gathering to- 
gether the different considerations and exploring the buccal cavity, 
the operator has been able to assure himself as to the nature of the 
case to which he may be able to attach the series of symptoms 
that he has observed. 
It is more especially relative to diseases of the teeth that is re- 
cognised the truth of the old maxim in surgery, sublatd causa 
tollitur effectus. 
Let us consider, therefore, what are the means necessary to be 
had recourse to, in order to induce the disappearance of the obsta- 
cles to mastication, and re-establish the regularity of the digestive 
functions. 
When the difficulty in mastication is owing to simple asperities 
of the borders of the dental tables, either on the inner or outer 
sides, or to the commencement of too great an inclination or slant- 
ing of these tables, the regularity in the masticatory apparatus 
may be produced by making the animal chew a rasp. This ope- 
ration, simple and old as farriery itself, consists in introducing a 
common flat rasp into the mouth, and holding it between the dental 
tables during some ten or fifteen minutes, during which time the 
animal continually chews the instrument, and thus himself wears 
down the angular parts. It is necessary to have the precaution, 
in order that this manoeuvre may be as efficacious as possible, 
to place the rasp in perfect apposition with those parts of the 
tables where the most angular asperities exist. The operation 
should, of course, be repeated each succeeding day, until the level- 
ling of the teeth shall have been re-established. 
But, although this mode of procedure is safe and generally ef- 
ficacious in vulgar hands, it is too slow for the veterinary surgeon, 
who should use a coarse tooth-file, made especially for the pur- 
pose, with a very long handle — -say 20 or 24 inches — while the 
cutting part may be about six inches, concave in a transverse di- 
