576 
FORMATION OF SUGAR IN THE LIVER. 
skimmed off, then to measure the cream, and having, by 
adding together the two measurements, ascertained the whole 
quantity of milk (including the cream), to compare it with 
that of the butter obtained. This I consider a more accurate 
method than measuring the new milk, as there is a consider- 
able escape of gas, and consequent subsidence, whilst it is 
cooling. The results have varied from 24 to 27| oz. from 
]6 quarts of milk. I therefore assume in my calculation 
16 quarts of milk as yielding a roll (25 ounces) of butter. 
As I have at times a considerable number of cows bought 
as strippers, and fattened as they are milked, which remain 
sometimes in my stalls eight or nine months, and yield 
towards the close but five quarts per day, I am not enabled 
to state with accuracy, and from ascertained data, the average 
yield per year of my cows kept for dairy purposes solely. 
However, from what occurs at grass-time, when the yield is 
not increased, and also from the effects of my treatment on 
cows which 1 buy, giving a small quantity, 1 am fully pur- 
suaded that my treatment induces a good yield of milk. 
As the yield of butter from a given quantity of cream is 
not of such particular consequence, I have not given equal 
attention to ascertain their relative proportions. I have a 
recollection of having tested this on a former occasion, when 
I found 14 to 16 oz. per quart, but cannot call to mind under 
what treatment this took place .— -Journ at of the Royal Agricul- 
tural Society. 
(To be continued.) 
ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISM OE THE FORMATION 
OF SUGAR IN THE LIVER. 
By M. Claude Bernard. 
The physiological formation of sugar in animals should 
be considered, as I have already said, not as a phenomenon 
of direct chemical separation of the sanguineous elements at 
the moment of the passage of the blood through the liver, 
but as a function performed by the succession and com- 
bination of two essentially distinct acts. 
The first action is purely vital, for it cannot take place 
without the influence of life, it consists in the creation of the 
glucogenic matter in the living hepatic tissue. 
The second action is chemical, and may take place without 
