700 
Extracts from British and Foreign Journals. 
MANAGEMENT OF DAIRY CATTLE. 1854 to 1856. 
By T. Horsfall. 
[Continued from p. 576.) 
On questioning my dairy woman, in December, 1 854, as to 
the proportion of cream and butter, she reported nearly one 
roll of 25 oz. of butter to one quart of cream. I looked upon 
this as a mistake. On its accuracy being persisted in, the 
next churning was carefully observed, with a like proportion. 
My dairy cows averaged then a low range of milk as to 
quantity — about eight quarts each per day. Six of them, in 
a forward state of fatness, were intended to be dried for 
finishing off in January ; but, owing to the scarcity and con- 
sequent dearness of calving cows, I kept them on in milk till 
I could purchase cows to replace them, and it was not till 
February that I had an opportunity of doing so. I then 
bought four cows within a few days of calving : they were but 
in inferior condition, and yielded largely of milk. Towards 
the close of February and March, four of my own dairy cows, 
in full condition, likewise calved. During March, three of 
the six which had continued from December, and were milked 
nearly up to the day of sale, w r ere selected by the butcher as 
fit for his purpose. Each churning throughout was carefully 
observed, with a similar result, varying but little from 25 oz. 
of butter per quart of cream ; on Monday, April 30th, 16 quarts 
of cream having yielded 16 rolls (of 25 oz. each) of butter. 
Though I use artificial means of raising the temperature of 
my dairy, by the application of hot water during cold weather, 
yet, my service-pipes being frozen in February, I w r as unable 
to keep up the temperature, and it fell to 45°. Still my 
cream, though slightly affected, was peculiarly rich, yielding 
22 oz. of butter per quart. Throughout April the produce 
of milk from my 15 dairy cows averaged full 160 quarts per 
day. 
My cows are bought in the neighbouring markets with a 
view to their usefulness and profitableness. The breeds of 
this district have a considerable admixture of the short-horn, 
which is not noted for the richness of its milk. It will be 
remarked that during the time these observations have been 
