OBSERVATIONS ON INFLUENZA IN HORSES. 
185 
systems of all these parts, at one time or another, in the most 
highly injected condition possible from influenza ; and I believe 
that in every case some of them — in many all of them — will be 
found so. Not only membranous tissues, however, but organs 
themselves feel its influence. The lungs become reddened and 
softly consolidated, and generate tubercles and vomicse, from 
which results phthisis. The heart is occasionally found redder in 
substance than ordinary, and so hypertrophied that it appears to 
fill the pericardiac cavity. The liver I have found pale or clay- 
coloured. In an epidemic which broke out among the horses of 
the 10th Hussars, in the fatal year already so often referred to, 
viz. 1836, Mr. Gloag made the following observations : — In the 
majority of cases no signs of disease were discoverable in the brain 
and spinal marrow. The lungs, usually, were healthy ; in some 
cases the bronchial membrane only presenting <f a dark damask 
flush.” The heart was almost always softer than natural, and 
commonly contained black blood on both sides. The villous lining 
of the stomach had the “ dark damask flush,” very dissimilar from 
the appearances presented by ordinary inflammation. In several 
instances the stomach was prodigiously distended, and balls, 
which had been given two days previous, were lying within it, 
undissolved. The lining membrane of the intestines exhibited the 
same appearance as that of the stomach : “ in two cases gangren- 
ous inflammation had supervened.” The liver, in such cases as 
ended quickly, “ was found highly congested, easily lacerable, 
and gorged with blood. In more protracted cases, it had become 
“ a complete pultaceous mass, through which the finger could easily 
be passed. In two cases the gland was “ highly congested, almost 
rotten, and filled with miliary tubercles.” The kidneys proved 
sound. We learn from the “ Records” of the late Mr. John Field, 
that, in 1819, Messrs. Barclay and Perkins lost several horses 
through influenza ; and that in two of them that died the following 
were the morbid appearances observed : — 11 Dreadful inflammation 
of the right side of the heart, which was almost black ; pericardium 
containing two or three drachms of red (sanguinolent) serum ; 
stomach, at its most dependent part, had a large black spot, as if 
about to slough, appearing like the stomach of a patient dying 
from having taken oxalic acid. Both cases presented the same 
appearances.” — “ What,” asks the author, “ could induce such a 
state of stomach 1 The man declares they had taken no medicine but 
aloes 3iij> and ol. ricini lb.j, and that could not have caused it.” 
There is often effusion into the serous cavities. I have seen one 
side of the chest half filled with this sanguinolent fluid, and the same 
kind of uncoagulable bloody liquid issuing from the nostrils, poured 
out apparently from the capillaries of the membrane lining the 
