URINARY DEPOSITS. 
255 
urinometer for taking specific gravities ; and a small thermo- 
meter, obtained with the urinometer, and in the same case. 
Thus equipped, the veterinarian may conduct an examination 
of the urine at a moment’s notice ; sufficiently at least to 
judge of the necessity of a more extended one afterwards. 
For a minute investigation, however, the microscope is in- 
dispensable. 
The urine of the horse in health varies in aspect, from a 
clear, sherry-coloured fluid, to a turbid, wffiite mixture, de- 
pending on the amount of carbonate of lime present. The 
specific gravity at the temperature 60° Fahr., may be stated 
at 1040. The reaction is uniformly alkaline. Under the 
microscope, the appearance depends on the amount of de- 
posit. A specimen of the perfectly clear fluid developes 
nothing beyond an occasional small piece of epithelium ; 
while a turbid specimen shows the characteristic carbonate 
of lime crystals, and these sometimes in considerable abun- 
dance. 
The urine of the ox and sheep is for the most part clear 
and pale in colour, rarely presenting any deposit, even after 
standing for some time. The specific gravity of the fluid from 
the ox may be placed at 1032 ; from the sheep at 1041. 
A difference of a few degrees in taking the specific gravity will 
constantly be noticed ; but this is unimportant ; only serious 
deviations from the standard being worthy of remark. The 
numbers I have selected are those that have occurred most 
constantly. As might fairly be expected, temperature 
materially influences the sp. gr. of the fluid, and the follow- 
ing table may perchance be useful in cases where there are 
no means at hand of obtaining the requisite degree of heat. 
The specimen experimented on was lowered to 36° Fahr., and 
then gradually raised to 131°; the specific gravity being 
frequently taken during the process. The results are shown 
as under : 
Temperature. 
36 ° 
42 
53 
56 
59 
63 
72 
91 
98 
118 
131 
Spec. Grav. 
10447 
1043 0 
10420 
1041-5 
1041-0 
1040-5 
10400 
1036-5 
10360 
1032 0 
1029 0 
We will now consider the practitioner about to examine a 
