PHTHISIS IN MAN AND IN ANIMALS. 
163 
may be readily distinguished from fresh pus, which always con- 
tains granular globules. In birds, the characters of tuberculous 
matter are less decidedly marked: the artificial introduction of 
foreign bodies into the lungs and muscles produces, not a white, 
opaque secretion, with granular globules, but a dry yellowish 
substance, having no globules, the physical characters of which 
approach those of tubercles in the mammalia. In reptiles, fishes, 
and insects, the characters of tubercles are still less distinct. 
3. Pus, in the mammalia, particularly in the horse, when de- 
posited for a long period in the organs, undergoes successive 
transformations, which sometimes give it the appearance of 
tuberculous matter. 
4. Pulmonary tubercles in man and quadrupeds have a gray 
tint. In the lungs of the cow, tuberculous matter has usually 
a yellow chamois-leather colour. 
5. In man and animals, the central softening of tubercles can- 
not be attributed to inflammation. It never presents globules of 
pus. The peripheric softening of tubercles is, on the contrary, 
most commonly promoted by inflammation of the surrounding 
tissues. It is almost always mixed with globules of pus. 
6. The yellowish matter which is found in the hydatid cysts 
of ruminating animals after their rupture has some analogy with 
the matter from the lungs ; but the cysts filled with this yellow 
matter contain almost always the remains of the hydatid sacs, 
and sometimes a certain amount of pus. 
7. The cretaceous or calcareous concretions, composed chiefly 
of carbonate and phosphate of lime, which are seen in the lungs 
of men and animals, should not be considered, as has been here- 
tofore the case, as nearly always a final modification of tubercle ; 
they are often in man, and oftener in the horse, the remains of a 
small deposit of pus. 
8. In many animals there are formed in the lungs verminous 
granulations and glanderous granulations, which should be dis- 
tinguished from tuberculous granulations. 
9. In quadrupeds and in certain birds transported to temperate 
from warm climates, the development of phthisis has its maximum 
of frequency, almost to the exclusion of other chronic diseases. 
It is likewise promoted by a change of climate, and of alimenta- 
tion in other animals coming from the North, and particularly in 
the reindeer. 
10. Phthisis, which is rare in solipedes domesticated, is still 
more so in the carnivorous animals. Nevertheless, in spite of 
the prophylactic influence of a strong constitution and animal 
diet, many carnivorous animals, the domesticated cat, and, espe- 
cially, the lion and tiger, when transported into a temperate 
