124 
THE INFLUENZA OF 1836. 
seldom lies so long as fifteen minutes. As death approaches, 
the pulse becomes exceedingly small, hard, and quick. It can 
be counted only from the heart. A few hours before death, the 
horse usually becomes uneasy ; his breathing is very laborious, 
and perhaps he has pain elsewhere. He is restless, thrusts his 
muzzle against the keeper, as if he desired to attract attention 
or implore relief. The eye betrays suffering as plainly as speech 
could tell it. The horse generally retains his senses till he dies ; 
but sometimes his vision and hearing appear to be affected, and 
he executes movements indicative of delirium. At the last 
hour his breathing is laborious, in an extreme degree ; he 
trembles, staggers, reels about, sinks on his haunches, rises, 
prepares to lie down, again recovers his feet, endeavours to stand, 
falls, gasps, and after a few struggles to rise, he expires. 
Upon dissection the cellular, muscular, glandular, nervous, all 
the vascular tissues of the body are tender, easily torn, and gorged 
or stained with thick black blood. This is particularly the case 
when the horse has died without bleeding. When he has died 
purging, the discoloration is not so general, but the soft, flabby, 
tender state of the muscular fibre is still more apparent. The 
bladder is seldom empty. The stomach and bowels always con- 
tain much fluid, as much, to all appearance, as the horse has drunk 
for several days before. The kidneys are never diseased, neither 
is the liver. This organ, indeed, is tender, and full of blood; 
but it is the seat of no more disease than the muscles. The 
lungs present various lesions. When the inflammation has been 
confined chiefly to the large bronchi, the lungs are large, much 
larger than usual ; they fill all the chest; their external surface 
is little altered. Upon opening the bronchi they are found full 
of white or reddish froth, which often extends along the whole 
course of the trachea, and into the head, filling all the cavities. 
When the horse is not examined till twenty-four hours or more 
after death, this foamy froth escapes by the nostrils, and forms 
a pool around the muzzle. It is forced out as the body cools. 
In addition to this, the bronchi usually contain some bloody 
purulent matter. The lining membrane is always intensely in- 
flamed ; in some places it is black, in some green, and it is red 
only where the inflammation has been least. In cases of this 
kind the horse is never very ill till within a day or two of his 
death. He dies suddenly, and gasping with his mouth wide open. 
When the inflammation has been confined to the minute ramifi- 
cations of the windpipe, the lungs are not larger; their external 
surface is very dark ; they look as if they had been inflamed, 
some parts are solid, the bronchia obliterated, or full of bloody 
pus, mingled with a little air. When the lung is solid, some of 
