334 PRIZE ESSAY: — PLEURA-PNEUMONIA AMONG CATTLE. 
almost immoveable over the ribs, increased temperature of horns, 
muzzle dry, back somewhat raised, head projected forwards and 
inclined downwards, impaired appetite, and rumination partially 
or totally suspended ; pulse increased in frequency and oppressed, 
pressure on ribs and spine produce flinching, respiration quickened, 
and accompanied by a peculiar grunting and grating of teeth, 
which symptoms of pain are aggravated upon coughing, as also 
upon any alteration of the position of the animal ; decreased 
secretion of milk, with alteration of colour, being usually of a 
yellowish cast ; it sometimes coagulates when boiled ; tenderness 
of udder and teats upon being milked; bowels costive, and, when 
moved, the fseces are hard and lumpy ; urine scanty and paler 
than natural ; cough short and frequent, and increased upon 
exertion. 
“ Upon applying the ear gently to the sides of the chest, so as 
not to frighten the animal, one or other is found to be affected, and 
the right much more frequently than the left ; sometimes, though 
rarely, both are implicated : but whichever lung be affected, the 
respiratory murmur in the other becomes louder and coarser than 
usual. The sound, on percussion, is natural. 
“ On the affected side, if the pleura should be inflamed coin- 
cident with the lung or a portion of it, a peculiar crackling or fine 
crepitus is audible: this is limited to a small space in the begin- 
ning, but as the disease advances it becomes more diffused. This 
crepitus at first may be mingled with the ordinary respiratory 
murmur, which it nearly obscures : as the inflammation advances, 
it becomes more and more decided, until at length no respiratory 
murmur whatever can be heard throughout the part or parts 
occupied by the crackling. As the morbid action proceeds, the 
crepitus gradually disappears, giving place to other sounds : one 
of a puffing or blowing description may be heard during in- 
spiration, as if confined to the bronchial tubes, and, when the 
animal grunts or coughs, the sound is conveyed directly to the ear. 
These sounds are most distinctly heard when the inflammation is 
confined to the upper and anterior parts of the lung, and when no 
effusion has taken place into the cavity of the pleura 
“ At the same time, and in variable spots, another symptom 
presents itself to the ear, viz., that of friction or rather creaking : 
this sound may be heard both on inspiration and expiration, but is 
more pronounced during the former; it is very inconstant, both as 
regards its duration and locality : for instance, we have heard it 
most distinctly in one particular spot one day, when no trace of it 
could be detected in the same place on the following. 
11 On striking the affected side at this stage of the complaint, a 
