REVIEW — ON THE EPIZOOTIC IN CATTLE. 
625 
As the case advances in severity, and runs on to an unfavour- 
able termination, the pulse loses its strength and becomes quicker. 
Respiration is in most cases attended by a grunt at the commence- 
ment of expiration, a symptom, however, not observable in the 
horse. The expired air is cold, and of a noisome odour. The 
animal crouches. There is sometimes an apparent knuckling over 
at the fetlocks, caused by pain in the joints. This symptom is 
mostly observable in cases in which the pleurae and pericardium are 
affected. The animal grinds its teeth. The appetite has now en- 
tirely failed, and the emaciation becomes extreme. The muscles, 
especially those employed in respiration, become wasted, and the 
shoulders and elbows unnaturally prominent from the shrinking of 
their investing muscles, and from being constantly kept out to 
increase the width of the chest. The belly is tucked up, and the 
flanks heave. The oppressive uneasiness is excessive, the strength 
fails under the violent and convulsive efforts attendant upon respi- 
ration, and the poor animal dies asphyxiated. 
* * * 
“ Post-mortem Examinations are very important in enabling 
us more clearly to understand the nature and symptoms of disease, 
and to verify or correct our prognosis of the cases that come under 
our notice. 
“In conducting the post-mortem examinations of animals that 
have died during the first stages of pleuro-pneumonia, it is of im- 
portance to take into consideration the side towards which the 
animal la} T previous to death, especially if, before the blood be 
coagulated, the carcass be allowed to remain long in the same po- 
sition ; for if such has been the case, the gravitation of the blood 
towards the lower side may produce a state of congestion which 
will render it very difficult to judge of the relative state of the 
lungs previous to death. 
“ In cases of pleuro-pneumonia, the post-mortem appearances are 
very various; in the majority of cases, however, the right lung 
shews the disease in its more advanced and worst forms. The 
lower parts of the lung, to which the blood gravitates, and whence 
it flows less easily to the heart than it does near the large vessels, 
seem to be always first affected. In the same animal, the lungs 
frequently shew all the different stages of the disease ; the more 
dependent parts being perfectly hepatised, others exhibiting effu- 
sion of serum and lymph, while in others we find the state of pure 
engorgement. 
“ When the animal dies in the first stages of the disease, the 
lungs are congested, black, and easily broken up ; and, when cut 
into, blood and frothy mucus flow from them. When large por- 
tions of the lungs are found in this state, we may surmise that the 
