498 
LITHOTOMY IN A MARE, &C. 
urine in no marked degree turbid or bloody — the muscles of the 
haunch and thighs wasted — the appetite bad, with general ema- 
ciation. 
I hinted to the owner, Mr. Wreyford, that this might arise from 
one of two causes, — irritability of the bladder with paralysis, or 
stone. Accordingly I sent some alkaline and opiate medicine; and 
if no relief was afforded in the course of a few days, 1 determined 
to examine the bladder. 
Before the expiration of a week, however, he called on me 
quite delighted, shewing me a stone which the mare had voided 
after taking a few doses of the medicine. It was a mulberry 
calculus, weighing nearly three ounces. Although this stone was 
voided through the urethra, the symptoms remained unabated. 
1 therefore gave it as my opinion, that there was another in the 
bladder, and requested the mare to be sent in for my examination. 
On the 15th July she was received into my establishment, 
and placed in a loose box. 
I proceeded first to examine the bladder by means of the rec- 
tum, and discovered another calculus in the neck of the bladder. 
These cases being rare, I made both of my apprentices feel the 
stone in this situation for their instruction. I next explored the 
vagina. Its situation was plainly felt, from this passage being 
so much relaxed, both by the examination of myself and pupils. 
Lastly, I introduced my index-finger through the urethra, but 
found it stopped by the stone, which felt like a hardened fleshy 
tumour. 
It then occurred to me that it must be encysted; and, having 
wound some tow over a sharp-pointed bistoury, I divided about 
two inches of the meatus urinarius, my assistant having his hand 
in the vagina to keep the stone firm against my finger. I made 
an incision on the tumour, and broke down the attachments of 
the cyst to the stone with my fore-finger, and extracted it. It 
was smaller than the one voided, weighing only two ounces. The 
stone voided per urethra was not of a large size. Many stones 
Have passed through the female urethra in the human subject of 
much larger dimension. 
From the first stone being some time passing through the neck 
of the bladder and urethram, and the forcible muscular contraction 
of the organ to expel them, no doubt some of the fleshy fibres 
were ruptured, into which the smaller stone became sacculated, 
and was the cause of their not both passing off’ bv the urethral 
outlet. 
A few ounces of blood only were lost by the operation, which 
lasted twenty-five minutes, including hobbling and casting. 
After the operation, the pulse rose from 54 to 68, the animal 
