222 
BULLETIN OF THE BUBEAU OF FISHERIES 
Nothing is known of the rate of growth of the crevalle. Individuals taken during October at 
Ocean View, Va., with a single exception (203 millimeters), ranged in length from 129 to 175 milli- 
meters (about 5 to 7 inches). 
Small numbers of this species appear in the markets of Norfolk, Va., and vicinity in the late 
summer and during the fall. It is probable that the annual catch of marketable fish does not exceed 
1,000 pounds, and nearly all are caught with pound nets. 
The crevalle is confined to the lower sections of the bay and seldom is found above the mouth 
of the York River and Cape Charles city. It generally appears in July or August; during Septem- 
ber and October small fish, 5 to 8 inches in length, are sometimes rather common at Ocean View and 
Lynnhaven Roads, Va. In September, 1921, about 400 small individuals were taken from a pound 
net on one da 3 r . While seining for spots and spotted squeteagues at Ocean View from September 
27 to October 27, 1922, 40 small crevalles were caught in 30 hauls of an 1,800-foot net. This fish 
was taken in 11 of the 30 hauls, but it did not appear in the catch after October 15. 
The rudder fish is not well known in the Norfolk markets, where it is sold with the related species, 
C. crysos, under the names “Jenny Lind” or “Rudder fish.” The flesh of this fish is considered of 
medium quality. 
The usual size of market fish ranges from one-third to 1 pound, but occasionally an individual 
of 2 or 3 pounds is taken. Along the southern coast and the Gulf of Mexico, where the species is 
common, fish weighing 10 pounds are not unusual, and the maximum size is said to be 20 pounds. 
The species is principally of southern distribution, the southern part of Chesapeake Bay being 
as far north as it is taken in considerable numbers. This species is of considerable importance 
as a food fish on the Gulf coast and southward. It is a common fish in the markets on both coasts 
of Panama, where it is esteemed as a food fish and brings a good price. 
Small fish taken in Chesapeake Bay were of the following weights: 5)^ inches, 1.3 ounces; 
6 inches, 1.8 ounces; inches, 2.3 ounces; 7 inches, 2.9 ounces. 
Habitat . — Widely distributed in warm seas; common on both coasts of tropical America, 
ranging northward on the Atlantic to Lynn, Mass. 
Chesapeake localities.— (a) Previous record: “Enters Chesapeake Bay” (Uhler and Lugger, 
1876). ( b ) Specimens in collection: Yorktown, Lynnhaven Roads, and Ocean View, Va. 
116 . Caranx crysos (Mitchill). Crevalle; Hard tail; Runner; “Jenny Lind”; “Rudder fish.” 
Scomber crysos Mitchell, Trans., Lit. and Phil. Soe., N. Y., I, 1814, p. 424; New York. 
Caranx chrysus Bean, 1891, p. 87. 
Caranx crysos Jordan and Kvermann, 1S9&-1900, p. 921, PI. CXLII, fig. 388. 
Head 3.45 to 4; depth 2.65 to 3.1; D. VIII-I, 23 to 25; A. II— I, 19 or 20; lateral scutes 38 to 45. 
Body elongate, compressed; dorsal profile anteriorly rather strongly convex; head rather short; snout 
somewhat pointed, 3.1 to 3.95 in head; eye 3.65 to 4.45; interorbital 2.65 to 3.1; mouth oblique, 
terminal; maxillary reaching to or scarcely to middle of eye, 2.3 to 2.5 in head; teeth present on jaws, 
vomer, palatines, and tongue, some of the outer teeth in the jaws enlarged, those on anterior part of 
lower jaw not especially larger than the others; gill rakers somewhat longer than half the eye, 24 or 25 
on lower limb of first arch; scales small, cycloid, fully covering breast, also present on soft dorsal and 
anal; lateral line with an arch anteriorly, equal to about two-thirds the length of the straight part; 
lateral scutes very strong posteriorly; first dorsal with slender spines; second dorsal and anal little 
elevated anteriorly, very low posteriorly, each with a wide sheath of scales at base; ventral fins 
rather small, inserted slightly behind base of pectorals; pectoral fins long, falcate, 2.75 to 4.15 in 
length of body. 
Color greenish bronze above, shading into bronze silvery below; a more or less distinct opercular 
spot usually present; spinous dorsal dusky; second dorsal, caudal, and soft part of anal yellowish and 
more or less dusky on distal parts; ventrals mostly white with tinge of yellow; pectorals plain or 
slightly yellowish. 
Fifteen specimens of this species, ranging in length from 145 to 360 millimeters (5% to 14)4 
inches) , were preserved. This fish has the breast fully scaled and it has a more slender body than the 
other species of the genus known from Chesapeake Bay. This species, like C. hippos, is carnivorous 
and preys on other fish. Four stomachs examined contained remains of fish only. The spawning 
habits of this fish are unknown. 
