358 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES 
Spiracles. — Respiratory opening in the sharks and rays, corresponding to the nostrils in ordinary 
fishes. 
Spinous. — Stiff or composed of spines. 
Striate. — Striped or streaked. 
Suborbital. — The bone immediately below the eye. 
Supplemental maxillary. — A small bone, placed superficially on the upper part of the maxillary in 
many fishes. 
Suture. — The line of union of two bones, as in the skull. 
Symphysis. — The tip of chin; point of juncture of the two bones of lower jaw. 
Synonymy. — -A list of technical names applied to a certain genus or species. 
Tail. — In ichthyology, the part posterior to the anal fin. 
Temporal. — Referring to the region of the temples. 
Thoracic.— Pertaining to the thorax; said of the ventral fins when attached beneath the pectorals. 
Trenchant. — Compressed to a sharp edge. 
Truncate. — With a square or straight margin. 
Tubercle. — A small projection, like a pimple. 
Type. — The particular specimen upon which the original description of the species was based or 
the species upon which was based the genus to which it belongs. 
Type locality. — The particular place or locality at which the type was collected. 
Vent. — The posterior opening of the alimentary canal. 
Ventral. — Relating to the abdomen. 
Ventral fins.— The paired fins behind, in front of or below, the pectoral fins, corresponding to the 
hind limbs in the higher vertebrates. 
Ventral plates.— The plates lying on the belly. 
Vertical fins. — The fins on the median line of the body; the dorsal, caudal, and anal fins. 
Villiform.— Slender, minute teeth crowded into compact patches or bands. 
Viviparous. — Bringing forth living young. 
Vomer. — A bone in the center of the roof of the mouth, just behind the premaxillaries, often bearing 
teeth. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
Agassiz, Alexander. 
1882. On the young stages of some osseous fishes. Part III. Proceedings, American Acad- 
emy of Arts and Sciences, new series, Vol. IX, whole series, Vol. XVII, June, 1881, 
to June, 1882 (1882), pp. 271-303, Pis. I-XX. Boston. 
Agassiz, Alexander, and C. O. Whitman. 
1885. The development of osseous fishes. I. The pelagic stages of young fishes. Memoirs, 
Museum of Comparative Zoolog}', Vol. XIV, No. I, pt. 1, 1885, pp. 1-56, Pis. I-XIX. 
Cambridge. 
Andrews, E. A. 
1893. An undescribed acraniate, Asyrnmetron lucayanum. Studies from the Biological Lab- 
oratory, Johns Hopkins University, Vol. V, 1893, pp. 213-247, PI. XIV, fig. 25. 
Baltimore. 
Atkins, C. G. 
1887. The river fisheries of Maine. In The Fisheries and Fisher}' Industries of the United 
States, by George Brown Goode and associates, Section V, Vol. I, 1887, pp. 673-728. 
Washington. 
Baird, Spencer F. 
1855. Report on fishes observed on the coasts of New Jersey and Long Island during the 
summer of 1854. Ninth Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1854 (1855), 
pp. 317-337. Washington. 
1874. Report, Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, 1872-73 (1874), pp. i-cii. [The shad, 
pp. xlviii-lix.] Washington. 
1879. The carp ( Cyprinus carpio). In Propagation of food fishes. Report, United States 
Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, 1877 (1879), pp. *40-*44. Washington. 
