SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN IN 1896. 
65 
cliffs and clouds, the colors change from ultramarine through cobalt and azure blue to 
smalt blue and hyacinth, and even to royal purple, violet, and mauve. So marvelously 
and strangely beautiful are these colors that one never tires watching and studying 
them. The general effect as one views the lake from some advantageous point upon 
the rim is profoundly impressive. Two thousand feet below lies the lake in whose 
placid blue waters everything is so perfectly mirrored that one can not tell where the 
real ends and the mirror begins. Near the west shore rises Wizard Island, symmetrical 
and beautiful in all its proportions, while around the lake is a circle of 20 miles of 
nearly perpendicular wall, hundreds of feet high and unrivaled in its scenic effects. 
Temperatures . — Considerable time was devoted to the making of temperature 
observations in different parts of the lake and at different depths. 
The following table gives the surface temperatures recorded : 
Date. 
1 1896. 
Aug. 19 
20 
20 
20 
20 
21 
22 
22 
22 
Hour. 
Station. 
Temper- 

10 10 a. m 
1.40 p. m 
8.45 a. m 
9.11 a. m 
From shore in Eagle Cove 
One-fourth mile from shore in Eagle Cove. . . 
One mile from shore in Eagle Cove — 
One-fourth mile from Wizard Island 
One-fourth mile oil' Phantom Ship 
From shore in Eagle Cove 
59' 
57 
56.5 
58 
60 
55.6 
56 
62 
61. 
61 
3pm 
4 p. Til 
About 21 miles east of Wizard Island 
. . . -flo . . . 
The following intermediate and bottom temperatures were taken, with a Negretti- 
Zambra deep-sea thermometer tripped by means of a propeller, such as is used by the 
Albatross in her deep-sea temperature work: 
Date. 
Hour. 
Station . 
Depth. 
Temper- 
ature. 
1896. 
Aug. 20 
11 a. ra 
At bottom 4 mile south of Wizard Island 
Feet. 
43.5 | 
20 
1. 40 p. in 
At bottom 4 mile off Phantom Ship 
866 
44 
22 
3p.m | 
A bout 24 miles east of W izard Island 
555 
39 
4 p. m 
do 
1, 040 
41 
’ 22 
5p.m 
At bottom 2J miles east of Wizard Island 
1,623 
46 
The vertical series taken on August 22, at a station about 2^ miles east from the 
southeast corner of Wizard Island, proved of very great interest. The surface tem- 
perature was 01°; at 555 feet it was 39°; at 1,040 feet 41°; and at 1,623 feet, which 
was at the bottom, 46°. In all other American lakes, so far as known, the coldest water 
in summer is always at the bottom. The effect of the sun in heating the water of lakes 
does not ordinarily reach to any great depth. Observations recently made upon Lake 
Champlain by Prof. George C. Whipple and our own observations made in 1896 upon 
Alturas and Wallowa lakes showed that the sun’s heat did not much affect the 
temperature of the water beyond a depth of 100 feet. 
If there be no error in the above observations, it seems that the waters of Crater 
Lake are still receiving heat from the rock upon which they rest. The heat of the old 
volcano has not entirely disappeared. The coldest water is neither at the surface nor 
at the bottom, but at some intermediate depth. The results of these observations^are 
so unexpected, and the indicated conditions are so unusual, that the matter should 
receive further attention. The only possible source of error which has yet suggested 
F. C. 13. 1897-5 
