FISHES FROM THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 
183 
26. Bowersia violescens Jordan & Evermann, new species. “Opakapaka.” 
Head 3.25 in length; depth 3.5; eye 4.4 in head; snout 3; maxillary 2.6; mandible 2; inter- 
orbital 3; preorbital 7.75; scales 8-60-15; D. x, 10; A. in, 8; Br. 7; gillrakers 5 + 14. 
Body long, rather slender, moderately compressed, tapering gradually into the rather long caudal 
peduncle; head large, longer than deep; snout moderate, rather bluntly conic; mouth large, maxillary 
reaching anterior third of pupil, slipping for its entire length under the thin edge of the rather broad 
preorbital, the width of its tip 2 in eye; mandible strong, but not projecting; broad bands of villiform 
teeth on jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue, the outer series in the jaws slightly enlarged and canine- 
like; eye large, its lower edge in line with axis of body; interorbital broad, gently convex; anterior 
profile but slightly curved from tip of snout to nape, thence more strongly arched to origin of dorsal, 
descending in a long, low curve to caudal peduncle; ventral outline but slightly convex; caudal 
peduncle rather long, 2 in head, its least width about 1.6 of its least depth, which is 1.8 in its length, 
measured from base of last dorsal ray to base of supporting caudal rays; gillrakers few, rather strong 
and short, the longest about 2.6 in eye; opercle smooth, ending in 2 flat, obscure spines (more strongly 
developed in each of the cotypes).; preopercle obscurely serrate at the angle (more distinctly so in the 
cotypes) ; fins moderately developed, the dorsal fin continuous, without notch, its origin over base of 
pectoral and equally distant from tip of snout and base of fourth ray, length of entire base of fin and 
to tip of last ray twice length of head; first dorsal spine moderately short, closely bound to the second, 
whose length exceeds it by about one-half; seventh dorsal spine longest, its length equal to that of 
snout; last dorsal ray produced, its length about 1.7 times that of the preceding; anal similar to soft 
dorsal, its origin under base of third or fourth dorsal ray; first anal spine very short, third longest and 
strongest, its length equaling diameter of eye; last anal ray produced, its length equaling that of produced 
dorsal ray; caudal rather widely forked, lobes about equal, their length, measured from base of first sup- 
porting ray, equaling head; ventrals pointed, their tips not reaching vent, length 1.4 in head; pectoral 
long, slightly falcate, the tip about reaching tips of ventrals, its length about 1.2 in head; scales large, 
deeper than long and rather loose; cheek and opercles scaled, 5 rows on cheek; a large bony humeral 
scale, from which extends to nape a series of somewhat modified scales, in front of which is a patch 
of ordinary scales; lateral line complete and well developed, beginning at lower edge of humeral scale 
and following curvature of back to base of middle caudal rays; the pores little or not at all branched. 
Color in life (field No. 03404), light rosy olive, with violet shades, pale below; center of each scale 
of hack shining violet; dorsal reddish flesh-color, its base anteriorly yellowish olive; caudal flesh- 
color, rosy along the edges; anal similar, its edge light lavender gray; ventrals pale, shaded with light 
orange; pectoral flesh-color, violaceous at base; snout violet, iris light yellow. A flesh-colored vio- 
laceous fish without color markings anywhere. Another specimen (field No. 03417) freshly dead, had 
the body, head, and caudal light rosy; ventrals white; outer margin of spinous dorsal golden, the 
membranes with irregular golden areas; pectoral and anal not distinctly colored; iris yellow. 
Color in alcohol of type (field No. 03018), above dusky silvery, bases of scales brown; sides and 
under parts silvery, with pale greenish-yellow tinge; top of head somewhat olivaceous, sides rusty 
silvery; axil of pectoral dusky; fins all pale or yellowish-white. 
This species reaches a length of about 2 feet and is an important food-fish. 
Only 4 specimens were secured: 
Field 
No. 
Length. 
Locality. 
Final disposition of specimen. 
03018 
05040 
Inches. 
24 
Honolulu 
do 
Type, No. 50660, U. S. N. M. 
Cotype, No. 7473, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. 
Cotype, No. 2721, U. S. F. C. 
Cotype, No. 9813, Ind. Univ. Mus. 
03404 
do 
03417 
do 
1 ' 
27. Bowersia ulaula Jordan & Evermann, new species. “Ulaula.” 
Head 3.6 in length; depth 3.8; eye 3.8 in head; snout 3.8; maxillary 2.9; mandible 2.4; inter- 
orbital 3.6; preorbital 10; scales 8-68-14; D. x, 11; A. in, 8; Br. 7; gillrakers 21 + 5. 
Body long and slender, the dorsal outline in a low, gentle curve from tip of snout to base of caudal, 
the ventral outline but gently convex; head moderate, bluntly conic; snout rather short; mouth mod- 
erate, somewhat oblique, the jaws equal; maxillary moderate, slipping for its entire length under the 
