THE ORGAN AND SENSE OF TASTE IN FISHES. 
243 
terminal buds on the outer skin is by no means complete, but will serve to illustrate 
the wide range of species which have acquired this peculiarity: 
Fishes ■ possessing terminal buds on the outer skin. 
Acerina. Oil fins and body (Merkel, ’80). 
Acipenser sturio, sturgeon. On barbel (Merkel, 
’80). Also other sturgeons. 
Ayonus cataphractus, pogge. On the villi form 
tentacles beneath the head (Bateson, ’90). 
Ameiurus vielas, cat-fish, and other North Ameri- 
can Siluridee. On barblets and nearly the 
whole body surface (Herrick, ’01). 
Amia caiea, bowfin. On skin of head and other 
parts (Allis, ’97). 
Anguilla vulgaris, eel. On the fins, lips, and ante- 
rior nostril (Merkel, ’80; Bateson, ’90). 
Aspius alburnus (Merkel, ’80). 
Barbus fluviatilis. ( )n barblet (F. E. Schulze, ’63). 
Branchiostoma lanceolatum = Amphioxus lanceolatus, 
lancelet. On the oral cirri (Merkel, ’80). 
Carassius auratus, gold-fish. On the whole body 
(numerous authors; Herrick). 
Cephalacanthus = Cobilis fossilis, flying gurnard 
(Merkel, ’80). 
Coitus scorpius, sculpin. On fins (Merkel, ’80). 
Cynoscion — Corvina (Merkel, ’80). 
Oyprinus carpio, carp, and other eyprinoids. On 
whole body (Merkel, ’80, and others). 
Dactylopterus (Merkel, ’80). 
Discognathus lamta, Indian carp. Over the whole 
body surface (Leydig, ’94). 
Enchelyopus = Motella, four-bearded rockling. On 
barblets and pelvic fins (Bateson, ’90). 
Gadus callarias, cod. On lips, barbel, fins, and 
body (Merkel, ’80; Herrick, ’00). 
Gadus luscus, pouting. On the lips, barblet, and 
pelvic fins (Bateson, ’90). 
Gadus merlangus, whiting. On lips (Bateson, ’90). 
Gadus pollachius, pollack. On lips (Bateson, ’90). 
Gaidropsarus = Motella, three-bearded rockling. 
On all the barblets and pelvic fins (Zincone, 
’78; Bateson, ’90). 
Gobius, goby. On fins (Merkel, ’80). 
Hippocampus, seahorse (Merkel, ’80). 
Leptocephalus conger, conger eel. On the outer 
and inner lips (Bateson, ’90). 
Leucaspius delineatus. On the body generally 
(Leydig, ’94). 
Leucvscus dobula (Leydig, ’57). 
Lota vulgaris, ling. On barblet (Merkel, ’80). 
Mullus barbatus, mullet. On barblet (Zincone, ’78; 
Merkel, ’80). 
Petromyzon fluviatilis, lamprey. On skin of whole 
body (Merkel, ’80, and others). 
Pygosteus = Gasterosleus pungitius, stickleback 
( Merkel, 80) . 
Rhodeus amarus. On the body generally (Leydig, 
’94). 
Scorpxna (Merkel, ’80). 
Silurus glanis, cat-fish (Merkel, ’80). 
Solea vulgaris, sole. “Contrary to the natural 
presumption, the villi on the lower (left) side 
of the head do not bear sense organs, though, 
as Mr. Cunningham informs me, such organs 
are found between the villi ” (Bateson, ’90). 
Tinea vulgaris, tench. On barblet (Merkel, ’80). 
As already suggested, our knowledge of the functions of all of the sense organs 
of fishes is very imperfect, since speculation based upon structure has seemed more 
attractive to most authors than accurate physiological research. The monograph of 
Merkel (’80), with its great wealth of accurate anatomical data on the structure and 
distribution of terminal buds in all classes of vertebrates, gives an excellent illustra- 
tion of the dangers in the path of even so skillful an observer when he goes beyond 
the bounds of observed fact and enters the field of speculation. This author recog- 
nizes the close structural resemblance between these organs and the undoubted organs 
of taste in the human body. He controverts, however, the clear argument of F. E. 
Schulze for their gustatory function on merely theoretical grounds. His first objec- 
tion is based on their innervation. Instead of being supplied by a single gustatory 
nerve, the glossopharyngeus, they may be supplied, he says, by any other body 
nerve. This objection has beeu totally removed by the discovery (compare especially 
my own Ameiurus paper, already referred to, published in October, 1901) that all 
terminal buds, no matter where located on the body and no matter from what nerve 
branches their innervation seems to come, are in reality supplied by nerves of a single 
physiological system, terminating in the brain in a single center — the communis 
nerves. 
Again, he objects to Schulze’s theory that the terminal buds serve to localize 
gustatory stimuli on the various parts of the body, on the ground that an organ of 
chemical sense stimulated by substances in solution in the environing fluid could not 
