REPORT ON FISHES COLLECTED IN THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 
419 
time on Laysan studying the flora and fauna of that island. Four of the species in this 
list were not taken in the Hawaiian group, and 97 were taken from Laysan only. 
In the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, for 1900, 
Mr. Henry W. Fowler, under the caption, “Contributions to the Ichthyology of the 
tropical Pacific,” gives an account of 101 species contained in the collections of the 
Academy made mainly by Dr. John K. Townsend in 1834, later by Dr. W. H. Jones, 
and still later, 1893, by Dr. Benjamin Sharp. 
Many of the descriptions of Hawaiian species which have been made in the past- 
have been based on alcoholic specimens in a bad state of preservation, or have been 
taken from dried skins. In consequence, the color has been in many cases very 
meagerly or erroneously described. In making my collection color notes were taken 
of as many living or fresh specimens as the conditions would allow. These color 
notes have been included in this account. 
During the time of making my collection in 1889, the fishing was still largely 
done by native fishermen, but in recent years the Chinese and Japanese have been 
rapidly encroaching upon this industry. Skilled as were the native fishermen, the 
newer and more aggressive methods, together with the more industrious habits of the 
newcomers, are making common in the market fishes before only rarely or never seen 
by the natives. While these fishermen are adding to the known fauna by their 
methods, it may be said, in passing, that some of their methods are very destructive 
and if not regulated by opportune and wise legislation, will soon disastrously affect 
the fish fauna as a food supply. 
The city fish market at Honolulu, the only place where fish are allowed to be 
sold in the city, is a large, well-appointed, and well-administered institution. Since 
there comes to it the catch of all kinds of fishing pursued about Oahu, and since 
among the native and widely diverse foreign population almost every species of fish, 
as well as of other marine life, finds favor as a food with some, the market proves to 
be an excellent resource for the student and collector. 
About the only fishes which escape the fishermen are the minute forms which 
make their homes in the spaces of the branching corals or in the small holes in the 
coral rocks. A number of new species were obtained by breaking up with a hammer 
coral heads over a dip-net of fine mesh. Either old, dead, or living coral heads were 
pried off with an iron bar, and quickly lifted up over the net and broken to pieces, 
the contents falling into the net. 
Of all situations about the island of Oahu, the submerged reef which extends 
from the entrance of the harbor of Honolulu to some distance past Waikiki furnishes 
the most prolific supply of fishes, both as to number of species and amount of the 
catch. This reef at low water is from a few inches to a few feet under water and 
extends from 1 mile to 2 or 3 miles from the shore, where the water abruptly 
reaches great depths. Over the surface and along the bluff of this reef may be 
found representatives of most of the shore fauna of the Hawaiian Islands. This 
reef, so favorably situated, so accessible, and so rich in material, can not fail to 
be of increasing interest to naturalists who may have the good fortune to devote 
themselves to the study of its wonderful life. 
The types of all the new species have been deposited in the United States National 
Museum. Cotypes and series of all the species, so far as possible, have been pre- 
sented to the Leland Stanford Junior University Museum and to the United States 
