42 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 
Scotch herring that the price they sell for in London will barely realize 
the carriage. A cran* of herring costs in railway carriage about 15 
shillings ($3.65) to get from most of our fishing stations to London ; ad- 
ding porterage and other charges, the cost to get a cran to Billingsgate 
is 18 shillings or even 20 shillings ($4.38 to $4.86). But 20 shillings per 
cran is a common price to sell herring at Billingsgate. How, then, are 
the curer and fisherman to live at these prices ? Either railway rates 
must come down or the Norwegian will drive the English herring out 
of the market. This does not apply to herring alone, since cod, salmon, 
and other fish can be sent as well as herring. Norway is not the only | 
place the English fishermen have to dread, as boracic acid will equally 
enable fish to be brought from America. [From the Journal of the 
National Fish Culture Association, London, England, January 15, 1887.] j 
Annual expenses of the Lower Columbia salmon canner- 
ies. — The importance of the salmon industry to Astoria, Clatsop 
County, and the Lower Columbia River region generally, is tersely 
illustrated by the following figures, which are a close estimate of the 
amount of money expended for the season of 1886 : 
Cost of materials. 
Tin plate, 74,000 boxes, at $5.25 $388, 500 
Salmon twine 205, 200 
Cotton twine 25, 000 
Lines 26,600 
Leads for lines . i 7, 500 
Floats 4, 000 
Boats, wear and tear, paint, repair, &c 38, 0t)0 
Tan-bark for nets 1, 900 
Pig-tin for making solder 50, 122 
Lead for making solder 10, 450 
Salt, Liverpool and coarse 2,000 
Lacquer 8, 550 
Turpentine 6,460 
Cord-wood 19, 760 
Hard coal 1, 862 
Charcoal 15,200 
Acid and zinc . 4, 000 
Oils of various kinds - 4,000 
Improvements and necessary repairs 38, 000 
Copper and making up 2, 000 
Insurance 32,376 
Hauling 12,540 
Freight 5, 000 
Labels 32, 400 
Boxes 67, 500 
Taxes 11, 400 
Total cost of materials 
$1, 020, 320 
*A Scotch measure containing a little over a barrel, holding an average of about 
750 herring. 
