BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 329 
hove up the dandy bridle is taken in through this chock and thence to 
the dandy winch. 
(g). Fish Taclde. 
A heavy purchase tackle is used for hoisting in the cod-end of the 
trawl. The upper block of this tackle is usually threefold, and hooks 
somewhere about the mainmast head or beneath the cross-trees; the 
lower block is double or treble; the fall is 2J to 2| inch manilla rope. 
When the lower block has been hooked into the strap that is put around 
the cod end, the end of the fish tackle fall is usually rove through a 
snatch block hooked near the foot of the mainmast, and taken thence 
to the forward winch. 
3. Apparatus for Packing Fish, etc. 
Fig. 17. 
(a). Fish Boxes. 
All of the trawlers which fish in fleets in the North Sea use oblong 
wooden boxes, generally called “ trunks” (see Fig. 17), to pack their fish 
in. These are of uniform size, and hold from 85 to 95 pounds of fish, the 
difference in weight depending chiefly on the kind of fish ; some species 
of flat fish-— the sole, for instance — pack very closely, and consequently 
weigh more than a box of haddock or cod. The boxes are partly cov- 
ered by a strip of board nailed on each side of the top, while an oblong 
hole, large enough for a man to get his hand in, is cut near the upper 
edge of each end. In handling the boxes after they are filled these 
holes are very convenient, as they afford a hand hold, and they are also 
of service for reeving through the line which runs from end to end of 
a box to hold the fish in position. 
The Brixham trawlers, who carry their fish to market every day, or 
perhaps twice a day, use small baskets, called “ pads 77 and “ half-pads.” 
Holdsworth says : “ The packages in which the trawl-fish are stored 
have lost much of their significance as denoting any particular capacity. 
Pads and half-pads were once recognized measures, and are still spoken 
of in some of the markets, although the quantity of fish contained in 
them is rather uncertain. Ten years ago [about 1864] they were the 
only packages used by the Hull and Grimsby trawlers. The ‘pad 7 con- 
sisted of three ‘pots, 7 and the ‘half-pad 7 of two pots of fish. This divis- 
ion of a package into three or two imaginary parts called ‘pots, 7 was 
for the convenience of the salesman and buyers; for instance, if two 
pads and three half-pads were to be sold, they were offered as twelve 
