58 
NATURAL HISTORY . 
Moreover, it has a uvula in the back of the throat, and the back of the tongue is marked with 
great papillae, which take up the shape of a T. It does not do more than grunt “hem,” and bark 
after a fashion ; and the use of some great air -pouches, which resemble those of the Gorilla, are there- 
fore not very apparent. But the bony structures of the palate are interesting, for at the back of it 
they do not form a simple knob, as in the Gorilla, but resemble those of man, and there is a little 
prominence, with a festoon curve on either side. 
It lives upon vegetable food, and its teeth are admirably suited for it ; they are of the same 
number as those ot the rest of the great man-shaped Apes, and do not differ very much from them. 
The front teeth arc large, and project, and do not bite very up and down on the tips, so they wear 
behind quicker than in front, their general shape being rather peculiar and distinctive. Female Chim- 
panzees have smaller eye teeth than the males, and all have them with a sharp edge behind, so that 
they can cut a pine-apple as well as pierce it. Behind them are the pre- and true molars, but the last 
tooth of the upper jaw looks small, for its hinder projections or cusps are small. In the lower jaw 
the last tooth has a fifth cusp, but it is smaller proportionately than in the lower Monkeys ; and the 
first pre-molar has its front and outer angle stuck out very much after the fashion of the Baboons. 
Now these are little matters, which do not appear to have anything to do with causes and effects, the 
adaptation of means to ends, or which do not enable the creature to chew and crush its food a bit the 
less well, or better than others ; they refer to some hidden mystery which unites apparently very 
different animals together in the scheme of creation. Thus the Chimpanzee has human-like, Gorilla- 
like, Baboon-like, and other Monkey-like peculiarities, so far as the teeth are concerned, and yet 
which do not interfere with the successful mastication of the food. We may make theories about 
them of supreme interest, which may explain why animals are alike and unlike, and how the 
structures of superior animals were foreshadowed in those of lower ones, and the structures of the 
latter in those of still simpler forms of life. 
It is the great front teeth, the large space hidden by the visible nose, the prominent upper, and 
the great length of the lower jaw, which give such a Baboon-like appearance to the face of the 
Chimpanzee’s skull ; and this is interesting, for there may have been a kinship between the two tribes. 
These man-shaped Apes, the Gorilla, the Nschiego Mbouve, the Koolo-Kamba, the Soko, and 
the Chimpanzee, form a group of beings which is peculiarly situated geographically, and which is 
separated from all others by anatomical differences. Their home is in Equatorial Africa, from the 
Western Sea to the Great Lakes near the eastern side of the Continent, and none of the kinds com- 
posing it have ever been found out of this range. Their bones have not been found in caves or in tlie 
state of fossils anywhere, so they must be regarded as essentially African. The group clings to forest 
and jungle, and its members lead very much the same kind of lives, for they are all vegetarians, liking 
quietude, and either roaming singly or in pairs, or living in troops. There is no evidence whatever 
that any of these species of Troglodytes have ever wandered ; and it, must be admitted that they have 
lived where they are now found ever since the country has been as it is, as regards its physical geo- 
graphy and peculiar climate. As regards their anatomical distinctness from other beings, they may 
be separated from man on tlic one hand, and from the Monkeys, which form the subject of the next 
chapter;',, on the other. They are linked together as a group by many resemblances in their construc- 
tion, although there are differences enough to distinguish kind from kind. From man they one and 
all differ in the shape of the head, the size of the brain case, the nature of the palate, the shape of 
the jaws, and in the last lower molar teeth and tooth-spaces. Their liead-ridges, the shape and length 
of their limbs, and the nature of their thumbs and toe-thumbs are very distinctive. The great air- 
pouches, the shape of the chest, the extra ribs, and the shape of the hip-girdle, cause them to differ 
much from man; and their brain is, as it were, dwarfed and infantile.* 
* They have several muscular peculiarities. Thus the great muscle of the hind part of the loins (sacro lombalis) is vast 
and fleshy in man, hut it is reduced to very small proportions in the great Apes. The great oblique muscle of the body is 
not attached to the hip, and tlic muscles of the buttocks arc reduced excessively in the Apes. All this renders their erect 
position difficult and not usual. The motions of the shoulder and arms are assisted by extra muscles ; one stretches from 
the sixth neck -vertebra to the first rib, another reaches from the outer part of the collar-bone to the neck in front, to the 
bone under the tongue (hyoid bone), and a third from the collar-bone to the side of the first vertebra. The small muscle of 
the chest (poet oralis minor) reaches to the capsule which surrounds the shoulder- joint, There is an extra muscle, which 
