12 
NATURAL HISTORY. 
The cheeks look wide even in the young ones ; and it will be noticed that the bone of the upper jaw 
(superior maxillary bone) has a short projection, which joins the molar or cheek-bone at some distance 
from the jaw. There is a hole or holes under the orbit in man and in the Troglodytes which transmits 
a nerve to the (ace, and people who have tic-douloureux know where it is very well ; this is close to 
the junction of the molar and jaw-bones in the Troglodytes, but in the Orang this junction is much 
further oli the middle of the face. .1 his causes the extra width to the cheeks. The bone there forms 
the surface upon which the curious pad of fat and skin rests, which gives such an ugly look to the face 
in the old ones, when all these parts have grown to excess. The young have milk teeth, and in the upper 
jaw the last crushing or molar tooth has large cusps behind and projecting inwards, and the incisor 
teeth are equal in size. In the lower jaw the incisors are grooved in front in a curious manner ; and the 
great molar teeth with five cusps have a curiously wrinkled-looking surface. Underneath the skull 
looks long, and the hole for the spinal cord is much longer than broad, and the joints or condyles are 
distant from the front of it. The palate is broad and the nose cavity also, and there is a bony styloid 
process connected with the ear-bone. 
In the female of the Simla morio, which is the smallest Orang, all the structures just mentioned 
fis characterising the young Simla satyr us and the young male Morio are exaggerated. There arc faint 
each ear-bone. The cheek-bones are huge and wide 
Apart ; the upper canine teeth are great, and their sockets mark the face. The palate is huge, wide, 
of the lower ones. i 
All the roughnesses for the attachment of muscles are great, and the lower jaw is immense, and 
the tooth next to the lower canine — the first false molar — is pointed and cutting behind. Finally, the 
the young and in the females. 
The Orang has no uvula, and the papillae of the back of the tongue are in the shape of the letter V. 
Its stomach differs somewhat in shape from that of man and the Troglodytes, but its vegetable diet 
determines the existence of a large intestine which has a little ending or appendix (vermiformis) as 
in man. 
frontal ridges also, and the back ridge or crest is 
shown, but there is hardly any difference in the size 
of the brain case. The front bone of the upper jaw 
is very distinct; and the creature, whose skull is in 
the British Museum, had its permanent teeth, the 
milk ones having fallen. There were the same number 
of teeth as in the Troglodytes and in man. But it is 
in the old males that the juvenile structures are greatly 
altered ; and it is indeed hard to believe their skulls 
ever could have belonged to the same species. In the 
old males the brain case has not increased in its 
capacity, but it is furnished with huge ridges along 
the front and crossing behind. The ridges commence 
on the brow ridges and the outside of the orbits, 
which are no longer nearly circular, but flattened 
above ; they pass on to the forehead, and curve to 
WRIST BONES OE ORANG. 
join in the middle line of the skull, forming a crest. 
This meets at the back a crest coming from the tip of 
^md not arched; and the upper middle incisors project, and are very large, cutting indeed upon three 
as they cause tl e animal to depart from many of its man-like characters, which are so well seen in 
opening for the spinal cord (the foramen magnum) is round in front, and the condyle joints are close 
to its anterior margin. These are changes during the growth which are worth considering, especially 
# Ic the intermediate bone. 
