CLASSIFICATION OF THE CA TA R III INI. 
163 
limbs, the thigh-bone lias a round ligament at its joint with tlie pelvis, and the shaft bends forwards, 
and when the animal is at rest on all-fours the thigh projects forwards and downwards, thus indicating 
the almost permanent position of this great bone in most runners on all-fours, the Elephant being 
a remarkable exception. The lieel-bone is flat from side to side, and the toe-tliumb, which reaches 
about half way up the first joint of the next toe, has considerable powers of motion, and can be 
struck out from the foot or be pulled in. The climbing muscle exists (page 106), as does also the 
peculiar stretching muscle of the little toe (abductor of the metacarpal bone). A transversus pedis, 
already noticed, exists. As the fore-limb assists greatly in locomotion, and much climbing is done by 
it, the “ calf ” is not much required for the hind limbs ; and one of the muscles of it (the soleus) has a 
comparatively small surface of origin — from the fibula alone. The great muscle of the back of the 
thigh, which assists in the perfect erect posture and in the running also in man, is incomplete in the 
Cynomorplia. Its fibres reach from the hauncli-bone to the small bone of the fore-leg in these last, but 
in man they arise also all down the back of the thigh, and enable the knee-joint to be kept straight. 
All these Monkeys have a muscle on the sole of the foot called the plantaris, but it is not seen in 
animals lower in the scale than the Quadnunana ; moreover, all the other muscles of the sole are more 
isolated than in man, and consequently they produce more distinct and separate movements of the toes, 
and especially in the toe-thumb. The tail, so variable in its do v elopment, consists of numerous bones, 
which are modified “ back-bones,” or vetebrse, and in some there are little bones which are under 
these, and arranged in a rude Y-shape, their office being to protect the blood-vessels which are enclosed 
by them. The muscles and nerves of this tail are special, and contribute to its different movements. The 
huge canine teeth and the cutting first pre-molars have been noticed, and it only remains to observe that 
the Cynomorplia have a first set of teeth (milk teeth) which fall out gradually, and are replaced by the 
permanent ones. The milk teeth consist of four incisors above and below, two pre-molars above and 
below, and four true molars above and below, making twenty teeth in all. All these animals, except 
the first two genera, have simple stomachs, but the liver has several fissures in it in the Baboons 
(as it has in the Gorilla), and but few in the Asiatic species (as in the Orangs) — facts of no small 
significance, for it is very probable that the Gorilla is one of the Baboon line, as the Orang is one of 
the genealogical tree of a Semnopithecus. The brain exhibits all the convolutions seen in the Anthro- 
pomorpha, but the very monkeyish external perpendicular one is well marked. The little brain is 
not uncovered by the brain proper, which is shortest in the Sacred Apes and longest in the Baboons. 
The description of the Cynocepliali ends that of the Monkeys of the Old World — The Catarrhini 
— and the whole of the group may be classified as follows : — 
C lass. — Mammalia. 
Order. — Primates. 
Family . — Catarrhini 
Sub-Family— { L ^nthropomorpha. 
( 2. Cynomorplia. 
1. Anthropomorplia. 
Genus — Troglodytes. 
„ Simia. 
„ Hylobates. 
2. Cynomorplia. 
Genus — Semnopithecus. 
„ Colobos.t 
„ Cercopitliecus. 
„ Macacus. 
, , Cynoceph alus. 
' The Siamang is included in this genus, 
t This spelling is preferable to “ Colobus.” 
♦ Some zoologists separate the Talapoin Monkey, and place it in a genus by itself ; and tlie Mangabeys are sometimes 
.ncluded in a genus Cercocebus. 
i § The Gelada is included by seme in a genus Theropithecus, from its nostrils opening high up ; and the Black Baboon is 
placed in a genus Cynopithccus. These are all inadvisable complications. 
Example — The Gorilla and Chimpanzee. 
,, The Orang-utan. 
„ The Gibbons. * 
Example — The Entellus Monkey. 
„ The Guereza. 
„ The Guenons and Mangabeys.j: 
,, The Magot. 
„ The Baboons. § 
