268 
NATURAL HISTORY. 
Therefore, writes a recent author, if fresh food is required, it is best to kill a Lagothrix (see page 171) 
in the Peruvian valleys, as hung meat soon becomes tainted. The Golden Howler, nevertheless 
furnishes the principal animal food to the inhabitants of the banks of some of the rivers entering the 
Peruvian Amazon. They keep to the low lands and shores of the livers, and are found moving 'from 
place to place in pairs. 
The head of this and all other Howlers has a large black face, and a high receding forehead ; the chin 
recedes much, and there is a great jowl produced by the large bones of the lower jaw. There is a 
curious swelling at the back of the orbit; and the part of that cavity for the eye which joins the cheek- 
bone has a round hole in it, as if it had been made by a gimlet. It has two nose or nasal hones, which 
SECTION or MEAD AND OF AIR SAC OF THE HOWLER. 
(From tlie Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology.) 
UPPER PART OF BREAST-HONE AND COLLAR-BONES 
OF THE HOWLER. 
remain separate, and the forehead (frontal) bone goes so far back that it joins the side (parietal) bones 
of the skull in a Y-shaped suture, or union, and there is not much back to the brain -case, which is de- 
pressed in shape, on the whole. They are vegetarians, and yet have very decided canine teeth, those 
of the upper jaw being large, and they project downwards much lower than the other teeth ; and the 
large lower jaw has evidently quite as much to do with the howling apparatus as with the teeth, for it 
opens out behind to admit of the great bone of the tongue moving 
readily within its boundaries. 
This Howler, like all the others, has good lungs, and a wind- 
pipe ending, as usual, in the larynx and its thyroid cartilage (see 
page 22), as in other Monkeys. The bone at the base of the 
tongue (the hyoid) is attached to this cartilage, as usual, by a 
membrane, and instead of being a flat curved bone with two pro- 
jections on either side, called horns, is swollen out into a bag shape, 
the horns being very small. The bone in other animals is at 
the base of the tongue, and this is the case in the present in- 
stance, although it is so large, the inside of the hollow being able to 
contain four cubic inches of water. How, the air from the upper 
part of the windpipe can get into this cavity, as there is an 
opening between it and the upper part of the larynx. Hence 
the same noise is produced as if the animal howled into a re- 
brain of the howler. sonant shell. 
In order to strengthen the voice, the cartilage of the larynx 
Itself is large and strong, and the so-called ventricles of it are enlarged into air sacs, and they unite in 
front of the “Adam's apple." Besides these there are other sacs connected with the gullet. So that 
the whole of the front and sides of the neck below and between the sides of the lower jaw are 
