NON-PREHENSILE- TAILED MONKEYS. 
185 
Some interesting observations were made by Rengger in Paraguay on the diseases of tiiese 
Monkeys in their natural state. One kind of Debus was found liable to what we call “ colds,” or, 
medically speaking, catarrh. It had all the usual symptoms ; was uncomfortable evidently for a 
while, had a stuffiness in the head, and then its nose ran like that of a child. If the colds occurred 
over and over again the same result took place as happens in man, for symptoms of consumption came 
on, and death ensued. Moreover, these same Monkeys suffered from apoplexy, inflammation of the 
bowels, and even from cataract in the eye. Even the tiny ones suffered like human babies in cutting 
their second set — or rather in shedding their milk, or first set — of teeth. They became feverish, and 
often died with the symptoms of fever on them. 
The same author saw a Capuchin Monkey taking great and affectionate care of its infant. The 
flies were teasing it, and the mother drove them away as sedulously as possible. When in its native 
woods the Debus Azarte utters at least six distinct sounds when it is excited, and these seem to produce 
corresponding feelings in the Monkeys which are listening. 
The Capuchins range from Costa Pica to Paraguay. 
CHAPTER XI. 
THE CEBIDiE (concluded)— h. the squirrel monkeys — 6. douroucoulis — 7. sakis. 
General Description of the Second Division of Cebidse — "Without Prehensile Tails — The Squirrel Monkeys — Described by 
Buff on and Humboldt — Peculiarities of the Species — Anecdotes byLe Vaillant— A Tragic End — The Widow Monkey 
Origin of the Name- -The Onappo— Its Nocturnal Habits and Peculiar Cry — The Douroucoulis or Owl Monkeys 
— General Description of the Family — Peculiar Formation of the Arm-bone — The Three-Striped Owl Monkey — 
Described by Humboldt and Bates— The Bed-Footed Douroucouli— The Sakis— Remarkable Resemblance in the 
Face to Man— Structural Peculiarities— The Couxio— The Parauacu— The Monk— Description of the Brain— Other 
Varieties of the Sakis— Anecdotes of them— The Black- Headed Sakis— General Description. 
None of the remaining groups or genera of these Monkeys of the New World have tails by which 
they can hang on with, or by the aid of which they can swing or cling when falling. Some kinds may 
curl the tail around a bough, or use it in their rapid side movements, after the manner of other animals, 
but it is never truly prehensile. 
This deficiency in the prehensile capacity of the tail is, of course, accompanied by an absence of 
the elaborate tail structures, and the end bones especially are no longer flattened, so as to grasp easily, 
but are round. 
There are other signs of their having a less elaborate conformation than the prehensile-tailed ; 
thus, the front teeth project, or are prominent obliquely in all but one genus, and the feet and hands 
resemble those of quadrupeds more than ever. In fact, having descended the scale of Monkeys 
nearly to the bottom, resemblances with the next groups of animals are becoming more and more 
apparent. Just as the Monkeys of the Old World — the Baboons — resemble the carnivorous animals 
in many points, so these non- prehensile-tailed Monkeys of the New World have many likenesses with 
the Lemuroida, and with insect-eating animals, and the smaller they are the greater is the resemblance. 
There are two divisions of the Monkeys without prehensile tails. In one, the species have the same 
number of teeth as Mycetes and Ateles ; and in the other they have only thirty-two teeth. 
In the first division are the Squirrel Monkeys, the Sakis, and the Douroucoulis, forming respec- 
tively the genera Callithrix, Pithecia, and N y c tipithecus ; and in the second there are the Marmosets 
and Tamaiins, of the genera Hapale and Midas. The second division is distinctly separated from the 
other by some comparative anatomists, and forms the group of “ Arctopitheci,” or Bear Monkeys. 
GENUS CALLITHRIX* — TIIE SAIMARIS. 
Callithrix means lovely ham, from Ka\\o$ and and merely refers to the pretty fur of these 
Monkeys, and gives no insight into their peculiarities, and is a mere name. It includes the Squirrel 
Monkeys, which are distinguished by having good-sized canine teeth, and by the first crushing tooth 
* This genus is sometimes divided into two— Callithrix and Chrysothrix. 
