208 
NATURAL HISTORY. 
A young female Chimpanzee in a violent passion presented a curious resemblance to a child in the same 
state. She screamed loudly, with widely-open mouth, the lips being retracted so that the teeth were 
fully exposed. She threw her arms wildly about, sometimes clasping them over her head. She rolled 
on the ground, sometimes on her back, sometimes on her belly, and hit everything within reach. A 
young Gibbon in a passion has been described as behaving in almost exactly the same maimer. The lips, 
of young Orangs and Chimpanzees are protruded sometimes to a wonderful degree under various circum- 
stances. They act thus not only when slightly angered, sulky, or disappointed, but when alarmed at 
anything — in one instance at the sight of a Turtle — and likewise when pleased. But neither the degree 
' f protrusion nor the shape of the mouth is exactly the same, as I believe, in all cases ; and the sounds 
which are then uttered are different. 
“ Frowning, which is one of the most important of all the expressions in man, is due to the 
contraction of the corrugations by which the eyebrows are covered and brought together, so that vertical 
furrows are formed on the forehead. Both the Orang and Chimpanzee are said to possess this muscle, 
but it seems rarely brought into action, at least in a conspicuous manner. I made my hands into a sort 
of cage, and placing some tempting fruit within, allowed both a young Orang and Chimpanzee to try 
their utmost to get it out ; but, although they grew rather cross, they showed not a trace of a frown, 
nor was there any frown when they were enraged. Twice I took two Chimpanzees from their rather 
dark room suddenly into bright sunshine, which would certainly have caused us to frown. They blinked 
and winked their eyes, but only once did I see a very slight frown. On another occasion I tickled the 
nose of a Chimpanzee with a straw, and, as it crumpled up its face, slight vertical furrows appeared 
between the eyebrows. I have never seen a frown on the forehead of the Orang. 
“ A fresh-water Turtle was placed, at my request, in the same compartment in the Zoological 
Gardens with many Monkeys, and they showed unbounded astonishment, as well as some fear. This 
was displayed by their remaining motionless, staring intently with widely-opened eyes, their eyebrows 
being often moved up and down. Their faces seemed somewhat lengthened. They occasionally raised 
themselves on their hind legs to get a better view. They often retreated a few feet, and then, turning 
their heads over one shoulder, again stared intently. It was curious to observe how much less afraid they 
were of the Turtle than of a living Snake, which I had formerly placed in their compartment, for in the 
course of a few minutes some of the Monkeys ventured to approach and touch the Turtle. On the other 
hand some of the larger Baboons were greatly terrified, and grinned as if on the point of screaming 
out. When I showed a little dressed-up doll to the black Baboon, it stood motionless, stared intently 
with widely-opened eyes, and advanced its ears a little forwards ; but when the Turtle was placed in its 
compartment, this Monkey also moved its lips in an odd, rapid, jabbering manner, which the keeper 
declared was meant to conciliate or please the Turtle. I was never able clearly to perceive that the 
eyebrows of astonished Monkeys were kept permanently raised, though they wore frequently moved up 
and down. Attention, which precedes astonishment, is expressed by man by a slight raising of the 
eyebrows, and Dr. Duehenne informs me that when he gave to the Monkey formerly mentioned some 
quite new article of food, it elevated its eyebrows a little, thus assuming an appearance of close 
attention. It then took the food in its fingers, and with lowered or rectilinear eyebrows scratched, 
smelt, and examined it, an expression of reflection being thus exhibited. Sometimes it would throw 
back its head a little, and again with suddenly-raised eyebrows re-examine, and finally taste, the food. 
“ In no case did any Monkey keep its mouth open when it was astonished. Mr. Sutton observed 
for me a young Orang and Chimpanzee during a considerable length of time ; and, however much they 
were astonished, or whilst listening intently to some strange sound, they did not keep their mouths 
open. This fact is surprising, as with mankind hardly any expression is more general than a widely- 
open mouth, under the sense of astonishment. As far as I have been able to observe, Monkeys breathe 
more freely through their nostrils than men do, and this may account for their not opening their mouths 
when they are astonished, for, as can be discovered with care, man apparently acts in this maimer 
when startled, at first for the sake of quickly drawing a full inspiration, and afterwards for the sake of 
breathing as quietly as possible. 
“ Terror is expressed by many kinds of Monkeys by the utterance of shrill screams, the lips being 
drawn back so that the teeth are exposed. The hair becomes erect, especially when some anger is 
likewise felt. Mr. Sutton lias distinctly seen the face of the Rhesus Monkey grow pale from fear* 
