MENTAL POWERS. 
■7 
C "AP. II. 
au instinctive clread of serpents, and probably of other 
dangerous animals. 
. i he fewness and the comparative simplicity of the 
'"stincts in the higher animals are remarkable in eon- 
tr ast with those of the lower animals. Cuvier main- 
tained that instinct and intelligence stand in an inverse 
oitio to each other; and some have thought that the 
intellectual faculties of the higher animals have been 
fdadually developed from their instincts. .But Pouch et, 
111 an interesting essay , 3 has shewn that no such inverse 
la tio really exists. Those insects which possess the most 
n'onderful instincts are certainly the most intelligent. 
' u the vertebrate series, the least intelligent members, 
finely fishes and amphibians, do not possess complex 
instincts ; and amongst mammals the animal most re- 
f-nirkable for its instincts, namely the beaver, is highly 
mtelligent, as will be admitted by every one who has 
lea< t Mr. Morgan’s excellent account of this animal . 3 
. Although the first dawnings of intelligence, accord- 
to Mr. Herbert Spencer , 4 have been developed 
H'ough the multiplication and co-ordination of reflex 
ae tions, and although many of the simpler instincts 
fdaduate into actions of this kind and can hardly be 
r lst inguished from them, as in the case of young animals 
Peking, y c t t ] 10 more complex instincts seem to liave 
^'giuated independently of intelligence. I am, how- 
ever > Mr from wishing to deny that instinctive actions 
illu y lose their fixed and untaught character, and he 
■j -'placed by others performed by the aid of the free will, 
j , n ^he other hand, some intelligent actions — as when 
,|J ds on oceanic islands first learn to avoid man — after 
3, 97,-. ^ lls tiuot eliez les Insectes.’ ‘Revue des Deux Mondes,’ Feb. 
P- 690. 
4 ‘ T) 16 American Beaver and Ms Works,’ 1868. 
le Principles of Psychology/ '2nd edit. 1870, pp. 416-443 
