266 
SEXUAL selection: mammals. 
Part j 
strengthen those in the upper jaw, from being ground 
so as to fit closely against their bases. Neither the 
upper nor the lower tusks appear to have been sped' 
ally modified to act as guards, though, no doubt, the/ 
are thus used to a certain extent. But the wart-hog lS 
not destitute of other special means of protection, 
there exists, on each side of the face, beneath the eye"’ 
a rather stiff, yet flexible, cartilaginous, oblong P a ^ 
(fig. 65), which projects two or three inches outwards J 
and it appeared to Mr. Bartlett and myself, when vie"" 
ing the living animal, that these pads, when struck fm 111 
beneath by the tusks of an opponent, would be turned 
upwards, and would thus protect in an admirable ma* 1 ' 
ner the somewhat prominent eyes. These boars, as *■ 
may add on the authority of Mr. Bartlett, when fighting 
together, stand directly face to face. 
Lastly, the African river-hog ( Potamochoerus 
latus) has a hard cartilaginous knob on each side 
the face beneath the eyes, which answers to the fiexid e 
pad of the wart-hog ; it has also two bony prominency 
on the upper jaw above the nostrils. A boar of ti’ jS 
species in the Zoological Gardens recently broke i Ilt0 
the cage of the wart-hog. They fought all night-l° n c’ 
and were found in the morning much exhausted, 
not seriously wounded. It is a significant fact, 
shewing Iho purpose of the above-described projection® 
and excrescences, that these were covered with blo° ’ 
and were scored and abraded in an extraordina 1 / 
manner. 
Ihe mane of the lion forms a good defence ag alllS ^ 
the one danger to which he is liable, namely the at- 
tacks of rival lions : for the males, as Sir. A. Smd jl 
informs me, engage in terrible battles, and a y ° nnS 
lion dares not approach an old one. In 1857 a tig er 
at Bromwich broke into the cage of a lion, and :l 
