is 
Of Weights and Measures. 
German Weights and Measures . 
A Vast variety of weights and measures are in lo- 
cal use in Germany, as slight differences exist between 
the mark, ell , &c. of almost every state. There appears, 
however, from the accurate account given by Gren (in 
his System. Handbuch der Chernie, Yol. I.) to be two 
kinds of weight, to which all those employed in Germa- 
ny may be referred, and which are sufficient for our pre- 
sent purpose. 
The ancient and most authentic standard of weight 
is the 
Cologne mark , or Mark of Charlemagne , with its di- 
visions. The mark is the highest integer used in this 
standard which was intended for gold and silver, but it 
is also considered as half the Cologne pound. The 
mark contains 8 ounces, the ounce 3 loths, the loth 4 
quentchens or drams, and the quentchen 1 pfenning, 
pennyweight, or denier. Besides this, the pfenning is 
subdivided into 356 Hecht-pfenning theil , or standard 
parts, which last division, however, is only hypothetical, 
but is extremely useful for comparison ; for as the pfen- 
ning is itself the 356th part of the mark, the latter con- 
tains 65536 standard parts, which is a sufficiently minute 
division for all actual calculations. The Cologne Mark 
therefore is thus divided : 
Standard jiarts ■ 
256 zz 1 Pfenning 
1024 zz 4 zz 1 Quentchen 
4096 ZZ 16 ZZ 4 ZZ 1 Loth 
8192 ZZ 32 ZZ 8 zz 2 zz i Ounce 
65536 Z 256 Z 64 z 16 z 8 z 1 Mark 
Also two marks make a pound. The Pfenning is fur- 
ther subdivided either into 3 Heller , or into 17 Eschen , 
or into 9 Jls, 
