and Dyeing Turkey Red. .145 
when bright shades only are to be produced, they may be 
maddered only once ; but when they are numerous, and 
intended to have dark shades, the maddering must be re- 
peated twice, and even thrice. Three quarters of a 
pound of madder of a good quality are sufficient for dye- 
ing a piece of white Indian cloth of ten ells in length 
and three quarters broad, intended to exhibit only a few 
coloured objects : the quantity of the colouring sub- 
stance must be increased in the ratio of the mass of alu- 
mine and oxide of iron, fixed on a piece of stuff of the 
above dimensions. It may be extended to 6, 8, 10, and 
even 12 pounds, for a ground well covered with a lively 
and very intense colour. Intelligence and practice in the 
management of a dye-liouse will not fail to indicate near- 
ly the proper proportions. 
Whatever care may be employed in maddering to 
avoid the adhesion of the yellow parts, the colours ob- 
tained will be far from having all the beauty and fixity 
which they might acquire by clearing, preceded by very 
long ebullition in exceedingly pure water. This ebulli- 
tion alone, by the addition of bran, will serve to brighten 
the colour : more rosy reds will be obtained by employ- 
ing soap with or without the addition of bran ; carbonate 
of potash or of soda, substituted for bran, will make the 
reds incline to crimson ; but I must observe, that unless 
the workman chooses to run the risk of making the reds 
entirely brown, and in such a manner that it will not be 
possible to restore them, it will be necessary, before 
soap and alkalies are applied to the stuffs, to expose 
them to the action of the strongest heat that can be com- 
municated to water. This operation will be attended 
with success, if as little passage as possible be afforded 
to the steam, and if the boilers employed be converted 
into a sort of digesters. The fixity of the colours will 
be proportioned to the time employed in exposing them 
Vol. i. T 
