Iron* 
the water ; to construct the water wheel, the drums, the 
©ut-buildings ; to erect cottages for the work people ; to 
furnish teams ; to lay at the furnace mouth three months 
supply of coal, and ore, and lime-stone ; to make roads ; to 
pay wages and other current expences for six months be- 
fore any return of capital is made, will require 10,000 
dollars to enable the iron master to go on smoothly, and 
without making sacrifices* A man of experience in the 
business may begin with something less : but the experi- 
ment is rendered hazardous, requiring incessant dili- 
gence ; and many accidents that though not foreseen, ought 
to be counted upon, may defeat the undertaking : moreo- 
ver, to every calculation of probable cost, at least ten per 
•sent ought to be added for the article of contingent expen- 
ces, to which every new undertaking is liable* 
It is not common in England to erect iron works with- 
out making a bloomery, a slitting mill, and a rolling mill, 
parts of the establishment* It ought to be so every 
where, but it is seldom so in this country* 
In England very few iron works depend upon a water 
force : they are worked by steam engines : in this country, 
steam engines are as yet but little known* The time I hope 
is fast approaching, especially in the coal districts, when 
our manufacturers will find the advantage of cany ing their 
power to their works, and not their works to their power. 
In England nine tenths of all the iron made, is made by 
the coak of pitcoal : in this country, as on the continent 
of Europe, the charcoal of wood is used, almost exclu- 
sively* I see the day coming when we also shall be driven 
to the use of pitcoal, of which there is great abundance in 
many parts of this country* Hence I shall not think it im- 
proper in the course of this dissertation to present the rea- 
der with facts relating to this kind of fuel ; for I am well 
: persuaded that in a few years they will become .useful 
