317 
freights and Measures . 
i society's scale by Graham, 36,0013 inches; the yard exchequer 
! of the same scale, 35.96933 ; Roy’s scale, 36.00036 : the royal so- 
ciety’s scale by Bird 35.99955 : Bird’s parliamentary standard of 
I 1758, 36.00023. 
The English standards are adjusted and employed at the tem- 
perature of 62° of Fahrenheit’s thermometer; the French at the 
freezing point of water. 
The French metre, the ten millionth part of the quadrant of the 
meridian, is 39,37100 English inches. — Pictet and Journ; R. I. 
The metre has been found to contain 36.9413 French inches, or 
3 feet 1 1. 296 lines 
Hence the French toise of 72 inches is equal to 76.736 English 
inches. One of Lalande’s standards measured by D. Maskelyne, 
was 76.732 ; the other 76.736— PA. Tr. 1765. 
In latitude 45° a pendulum of the length of a metre would per- 
form in a vacuum 86116 5 vibrations in a day. Borda. The length 
of the second pendulum is 993827 at Paris. — M. inst : 11. 
Allowing the accuracy of the French measurements of the arc 
of the meridian, the whole circumference of the globe will be 
24855,43 English miles ; and its mean diameter 791 1.731.— Journ. 
R. In. 
A bushel of wheat, at a mean, weighs 60 pounds ; of barley, 
50 ; of oats, 38. 
[It is settled law, that no sale in England is valid by any other 
bushel than the Winchester bushel : which by act of Ap. 1697, 
must be a cylinder with an even bottom 8 inches deep and 1 8i dia- 
meter. This vessel will contain 2150,42 cubic inches.] 
A chaldron of coals is 36 heaped bushels, weighing about 2938. 
Ten yards of inch pipe contain exactly an ale-gallon, weighing 
10 2-9th pounds.— Emerson. 
The old standard wine gallon of Guildhall, contains 224 cubic 
inches. 
By an act of queen Ann, the wine gallon is fixed at 231 cubic 
inches. 
It is conjectured, that some centuries before the conquest, a 
cubic foot of water, weighing 1000 ounces, 32 cubic feet weighed 
2000 pounds or a ton ; that the same quantity was a ton of liquids, 
and a hogshead 8 cubic feet, or 13824 cubic inches, one sixty- 
third of which was 219,4 inches, or a gallon. A quarter of wheat 
was a quarter of a ton, weighing about 500 pounds and a bushel 
one eighth of this, equivalent to a cubic foot of water. A chaldron 
of coals was a ton; and weighed 2000 pounds — Barlow . 
